Hardware, Devices, and Peripherals
Scope
This domain covers components inside the chassis, external peripherals, and how they connect. Expect questions on identifying a failing component from symptoms, choosing compatible parts, and safe handling.
Core knowledge
Understand CPU (cores, clock speed, socket), RAM (DDR generations are not interchangeable; dual-channel pairing), storage (HDD vs SATA SSD vs NVMe), motherboard (chipset, slots, form factors), PSU (wattage, connectors), and cooling. For peripherals, know input/output categories, USB versions and connector types (A, B, C, micro, mini), Thunderbolt, HDMI/DisplayPort, Bluetooth, and docking stations. Understand printers (laser vs inkjet; consumables; fuser and imaging drum) and scanners.
Traps
- Assuming a CPU fits a socket because it is the same brand.
- Mixing DDR4 and DDR5 modules or expecting them to work in the same slot.
- Confusing USB-C (a connector shape) with a specific speed or protocol.
- Blaming a printer's toner when the actual fault is the imaging drum or fuser.
- Ignoring ESD precautions; questions often reward anti-static wrist straps and grounding.
Worked example
A laser printer produces smeared, repeating marks at regular intervals. Repeating defects at a fixed spacing point to a roller or drum rather than toner. Check the maintenance kit and drum life counter before replacing the cartridge. Rule of thumb: fixed-interval defects = rotating component; random smudges = toner or fuser heat issue.
Safety rule
Always power down and unplug before servicing internals, and discharge static by touching grounded metal or using a wrist strap.