Constitutional Law
Core concepts
Focus on the architecture of the 2004 Constitution: the separation of powers among the executive (President and Vice-Presidents), the legislature (Wolesi Jirga and Meshrano Jirga), and the judiciary; the role of the Supreme Court; and the constitutional supremacy clause. Know the amendment procedure (Article 150), the emergency-powers provisions, and the fundamental-rights chapter, including equality, due process, and the right to counsel.
Traps
Questions often blur the two houses: the Wolesi Jirga is elected directly, while the Meshrano Jirga mixes appointed and indirectly elected members. Watch for confusion between the President's decree powers and ordinary legislation, and between constitutional review and ordinary judicial review. Another common trap is mixing presidential term limits with eligibility conditions.
Worked example
If a question asks who resolves a conflict between a statute and the Constitution, the answer follows the constitutional-review mechanism, not ordinary appellate jurisdiction. Rule of thumb: identify the institution the Constitution expressly names before choosing a general court.
Exam strategy
Map each power to its holder on a one-page grid; most constitutional questions are resolved by locating the correct organ and procedure.