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AHWD practice questions

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Question 1Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Under the WCAG conformance model, which statement best describes the relationship between Level A and Level AA success criteria?

  1. Level A and Level AA are independent and never overlap.
  2. Level AA replaces the Level A criteria with stricter versions.
  3. Level AA applies only to government websites, while Level A applies to all sites.
  4. Level AA includes all Level A criteria plus additional requirements. Correct answer.

Explanation

WCAG conformance is cumulative: satisfying Level AA means all Level A and all Level AA success criteria are met. Level AA does not replace Level A; it builds on it.

Question 2Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which WCAG 2.1 success criterion is new at Level AA and addresses content that can be operated in different orientations such as portrait or landscape?

  1. Contrast (Minimum)
  2. Resize Text
  3. Orientation Correct answer.
  4. Reflow

Explanation

Success Criterion 1.3.4 Orientation requires that content not restrict its view and operation to a single display orientation unless a specific orientation is essential. It is a Level AA criterion introduced in WCAG 2.1.

Question 3Accessibility Standards and Regulations

A web team wants to meet the commonly cited baseline for accessibility compliance referenced by many regulations. Which WCAG conformance target does that baseline typically represent?

  1. Level AA Correct answer.
  2. Level AAA
  3. No conformance level
  4. Level A only

Explanation

Most accessibility laws and policies reference WCAG 2.0 or 2.1 Level AA as the baseline target. Level A is generally considered insufficient and Level AAA is rarely mandated for entire sites.

Question 4Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which U.S. law is most directly associated with prohibiting discrimination against people with disabilities in places of public accommodation, which courts have applied to websites?

  1. Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act
  2. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Correct answer.
  3. Family and Medical Leave Act
  4. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

Explanation

Title III of the ADA prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in places of public accommodation, and courts have applied it to websites of covered businesses. Section 508 governs federal agencies and their contractors.

Question 5Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which organization publishes the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines?

  1. The U.S. Access Board
  2. The European Committee for Standardization
  3. W3C via the Web Accessibility Initiative Correct answer.
  4. ISO via its technical committees

Explanation

WCAG is developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) through the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). Other bodies may adopt or reference WCAG but do not author it.

Question 6Accessibility Standards and Regulations

The four foundational principles of WCAG are commonly summarized by which acronym?

  1. CART
  2. WAI-ARIA
  3. ATAG
  4. POUR Correct answer.

Explanation

WCAG is organized around four principles: Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, and Robust, abbreviated POUR. Each guideline and success criterion falls under one of these principles.

Question 7Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which European standard harmonizes accessibility requirements for ICT products and services and references WCAG for web content?

  1. EN 301 549 Correct answer.
  2. EN 1332
  3. ISO 9001
  4. WCAG 3.0

Explanation

EN 301 549 is the European harmonized standard for accessibility requirements for ICT, and it incorporates WCAG success criteria for web content. It supports the European Accessibility Act.

Question 8Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which conformance requirement in WCAG states that when content uses technologies in ways that are not accessibility supported, it must still be accessible in another way?

  1. Conformance Requirement 1: Conformance Level
  2. Conformance Requirement 4: Accessibility Supported Correct answer.
  3. Conformance Requirement 3: Complete Processes
  4. Conformance Requirement 2: Full Pages

Explanation

Conformance Requirement 4 requires that only accessibility-supported ways of using technologies are relied upon to satisfy success criteria; other content must still be accessible. This ensures assistive technologies can interpret the content.

Question 9Accessibility Standards and Regulations

A developer adds a visible label to a form field but does not programmatically associate it. Which WCAG success criterion is most directly at risk?

  1. 1.3.1 Info and Relationships Correct answer.
  2. 2.4.7 Focus Visible
  3. 3.3.2 Labels or Instructions
  4. 1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum)

Explanation

Success Criterion 1.3.1 requires that structure and relationships conveyed visually, such as a label associated with its input, also be available programmatically. A visible label without programmatic association loses that relationship for assistive technology.

Question 10Accessibility Standards and Regulations

An image used purely for decoration is placed on a page. What is the most appropriate implementation under WCAG?

  1. Remove it from the DOM entirely.
  2. Give it an empty alt attribute so assistive technology ignores it. Correct answer.
  3. Give it a title attribute equal to the file name.
  4. Give it descriptive alt text summarizing its visual appearance.

Explanation

Decorative images that add no information should use an empty alt attribute (alt="") so they are ignored by assistive technology. This satisfies Success Criterion 1.1.1 without adding noise.

Question 11Accessibility Standards and Regulations

A page uses color alone to indicate which required fields have errors. Which success criterion does this most directly violate?

  1. 1.4.1 Use of Color Correct answer.
  2. 2.4.4 Link Purpose
  3. 3.2.4 Consistent Identification
  4. 1.4.11 Non-text Contrast

Explanation

Success Criterion 1.4.1 requires that color not be the only visual means of conveying information, indicating an action, prompting a response, or distinguishing a visual element. Error indication must also use text, icons, or another non-color cue.

Question 12Accessibility Standards and Regulations

A video has spoken dialogue but no captions. Which WCAG success criterion at Level A is violated?

  1. 1.2.2 Captions (Prerecorded) Correct answer.
  2. 1.2.5 Audio Description (Prerecorded)
  3. 1.2.3 Audio Description or Media Alternative
  4. 1.4.2 Audio Control

Explanation

Success Criterion 1.2.2 requires captions for all prerecorded audio content in synchronized media. Captions provide the dialogue and important sounds as text.

Question 13Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which WCAG success criterion requires that all functionality be operable through a keyboard interface without requiring specific timings for individual keystrokes?

  1. 2.5.4 Motion Actuation
  2. 2.1.2 No Keyboard Trap
  3. 2.1.1 Keyboard Correct answer.
  4. 2.5.1 Pointer Gestures

Explanation

Success Criterion 2.1.1 Keyboard requires all functionality to be operable through a keyboard interface, except where the underlying function requires input that depends on the path of the user's movement.

Question 14Accessibility Standards and Regulations

A page's default focus indicator is removed with CSS and no replacement is provided. Which success criterion is most directly affected?

  1. 2.4.7 Focus Visible Correct answer.
  2. 2.4.3 Focus Order
  3. 1.4.13 Content on Hover or Focus
  4. 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks

Explanation

Success Criterion 2.4.7 requires that any keyboard-operable user interface have a mode of operation where the keyboard focus indicator is visible. Removing the indicator without a replacement fails this criterion.

Question 15Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which WCAG success criterion requires that page titles describe topic or purpose?

  1. 3.2.3 Consistent Navigation
  2. 2.4.2 Page Titled Correct answer.
  3. 2.4.4 Link Purpose (In Context)
  4. 3.1.1 Language of Page

Explanation

Success Criterion 2.4.2 requires web pages to have titles that describe topic or purpose. Titles help users identify pages and navigate among open tabs.

Question 16Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which WCAG success criterion requires that the default human language of each page be programmatically determined?

  1. 3.1.2 Language of Parts
  2. 4.1.1 Parsing
  3. 1.3.1 Info and Relationships
  4. 3.1.1 Language of Page Correct answer.

Explanation

Success Criterion 3.1.1 requires the default human language of each web page to be programmatically determined, typically via the lang attribute on the html element. This lets screen readers select the correct pronunciation.

Question 17Accessibility Standards and Regulations

A site's navigation appears in a different relative order on each page. Which success criterion is most directly violated?

  1. 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks
  2. 3.2.4 Consistent Identification
  3. 3.2.3 Consistent Navigation Correct answer.
  4. 2.4.5 Multiple Ways

Explanation

Success Criterion 3.2.3 requires that navigational mechanisms repeated across pages occur in the same relative order each time they are repeated, unless a change is initiated by the user.

Question 18Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which WCAG success criterion requires that input errors be identified and described to the user in text?

  1. 3.3.4 Error Prevention (Legal, Financial, Data)
  2. 3.3.1 Error Identification Correct answer.
  3. 3.3.2 Labels or Instructions
  4. 3.3.3 Error Suggestion

Explanation

Success Criterion 3.3.1 requires that if an input error is automatically detected, the item in error be identified and the error described to the user in text.

Question 19Accessibility Standards and Regulations

A custom widget built with div elements exposes no name, role, or state to assistive technology. Which WCAG success criterion is most relevant?

  1. 1.3.5 Identify Input Purpose
  2. 2.5.3 Label in Name
  3. 4.1.2 Name, Role, Value Correct answer.
  4. 1.4.10 Reflow

Explanation

Success Criterion 4.1.2 requires that for all user interface components, the name and role can be programmatically determined, and states, properties, and values that can be set by the user can be programmatically set and changes are notified. Custom widgets must expose these.

Question 20Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which WCAG 2.1 success criterion at Level AA requires that the purpose of common input fields be programmatically determinable?

  1. 1.3.4 Orientation
  2. 2.5.2 Pointer Cancellation
  3. 1.3.5 Identify Input Purpose Correct answer.
  4. 1.4.12 Text Spacing

Explanation

Success Criterion 1.3.5 Identify Input Purpose requires that the purpose of each input field collecting information about the user can be programmatically determined when it serves a purpose from a defined list.

Question 21Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which Level AAA success criterion addresses sign language interpretation for prerecorded synchronized media?

  1. 1.2.6 Sign Language (Prerecorded) Correct answer.
  2. 1.2.4 Captions (Live)
  3. 1.2.2 Captions (Prerecorded)
  4. 1.2.5 Audio Description (Prerecorded)

Explanation

Success Criterion 1.2.6 requires sign language interpretation for all prerecorded audio content in synchronized media and is a Level AAA criterion.

Question 22Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Under Section 508, which version of WCAG is incorporated by reference in the Revised 508 Standards for web content?

  1. WCAG 2.1 Level AAA
  2. WCAG 2.0 Level AA Correct answer.
  3. WCAG 3.0
  4. WCAG 1.0 Level A

Explanation

The Revised Section 508 Standards incorporate WCAG 2.0 Level AA by reference for web content. Agencies may adopt later versions, but the standard as written references WCAG 2.0 AA.

Question 23Accessibility Standards and Regulations

A team claims conformance to WCAG 2.1 Level AA. Which statement about partial conformance is accurate under the WCAG conformance model?

  1. Conformance claims may exclude third-party content automatically.
  2. Partial conformance may be claimed for any page with known issues.
  3. Conformance can be claimed if most success criteria are met.
  4. Conformance claims apply only to full pages, not to parts of pages. Correct answer.

Explanation

WCAG conformance is defined at the level of full pages; a conformance claim covers complete web pages, not selected portions. There is a limited statement of partial conformance for third-party content, but it does not permit claiming conformance for pages with known failures.

Question 24Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which principle of WCAG addresses making content usable by the widest range of user agents, including assistive technologies, through compatible markup?

  1. Perceivable
  2. Understandable
  3. Robust Correct answer.
  4. Operable

Explanation

The Robust principle states that content must be robust enough to be interpreted reliably by a wide variety of user agents, including assistive technologies. It contains the compatibility-related success criteria such as Name, Role, Value.

Question 25Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which WCAG 2.1 success criterion at Level AA addresses content that appears on hover or focus and requires a mechanism to dismiss it without moving pointer or focus?

  1. 2.4.7 Focus Visible
  2. 1.4.13 Content on Hover or Focus Correct answer.
  3. 1.4.10 Reflow
  4. 2.5.1 Pointer Gestures

Explanation

Success Criterion 1.4.13 requires that additional content triggered by hover or focus be dismissible, hoverable, and persistent, so users can read and interact with it.

Question 26Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which document is the primary international technical standard for web content accessibility published by the W3C?

  1. The Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG)
  2. The User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG)
  3. The Accessible Rich Internet Applications specification (WAI-ARIA)
  4. The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) Correct answer.

Explanation

WCAG is the W3C's core standard defining how to make web content accessible to people with disabilities. ATAG addresses authoring tools, UAAG addresses browsers and media players, and WAI-ARIA defines semantics for rich widgets rather than overall content accessibility.

Question 27Accessibility Standards and Regulations

In WCAG, what does the term 'conformance level' refer to?

  1. The browser versions officially supported by the standard
  2. The number of success criteria a site may skip
  3. The three cumulative satisfaction tiers A, AA, and AAA Correct answer.
  4. The country in which the content is published

Explanation

WCAG organizes success criteria into three conformance levels, A, AA, and AAA, which build on one another. Claiming a higher level requires satisfying all criteria at that level and at every lower level.

Question 28Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which body publishes the EN 301 549 standard?

  1. The World Wide Web Consortium
  2. CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI Correct answer.
  3. The International Organization for Standardization
  4. The United States Access Board

Explanation

EN 301 549 is a European harmonized standard developed by the European standards bodies CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI. It sets accessibility requirements for ICT procurement across the European Union.

Question 29Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which United States law prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in places of public accommodation and is frequently cited in web accessibility litigation?

  1. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Correct answer.
  2. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)
  3. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
  4. The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA)

Explanation

The ADA bars discrimination against people with disabilities in public accommodations, and courts have applied it to websites and digital services. The other laws govern health data privacy, children's privacy, and copyright respectively.

Question 30Accessibility Standards and Regulations

A government agency in the United States must ensure its public-facing website conforms to which accessibility standard under Section 508?

  1. WCAG 1.0 Level A
  2. Section 255 of the Communications Act
  3. WCAG 2.0 Level AA Correct answer.
  4. ISO 9241-171

Explanation

The Revised 508 Standards incorporate WCAG 2.0 Level AA by reference for web content. Agencies must meet those success criteria for covered web pages and applications.

Question 31Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which WCAG principle requires that information and user interface components be presented in ways users can perceive, including through senses other than sight?

  1. Perceivable Correct answer.
  2. Robust
  3. Operable
  4. Understandable

Explanation

Perceivable content can be accessed through sight, hearing, or touch, such as text alternatives for images and captions for audio. Operable concerns interaction, Understandable concerns comprehension, and Robust concerns compatibility with assistive technologies.

Question 32Accessibility Standards and Regulations

A news site streams live audio-only interviews with no text alternative. Which WCAG 2.1 Level AA success criterion is most directly unmet?

  1. 1.2.4 Captions (Live) Correct answer.
  2. 1.4.5 Images of Text
  3. 1.2.5 Audio Description (Prerecorded)
  4. 1.2.1 Audio-only and Video-only (Prerecorded)

Explanation

Success criterion 1.2.4 requires captions for live audio content in synchronized media. Audio-only live streams need a real-time text alternative to serve deaf and hard-of-hearing users.

Question 33Accessibility Standards and Regulations

A shopping site requires users to re-enter information they already provided earlier in the same checkout process. Which WCAG 2.1 Level A success criterion does this most directly violate?

  1. 3.2.4 Consistent Identification
  2. 3.3.1 Error Identification
  3. 3.3.7 Redundant Entry Correct answer.
  4. 1.3.5 Identify Input Purpose

Explanation

Success criterion 3.3.7 Redundant Entry, added in WCAG 2.2, requires that information previously entered in a process be auto-populated or available to select rather than re-entered. It targets unnecessary repetition within a single process.

Question 34Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which WCAG 2.1 Level AA success criterion limits the use of text embedded in images when the same presentation can be achieved with actual text?

  1. 1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum)
  2. 1.4.11 Non-text Contrast
  3. 1.4.5 Images of Text Correct answer.
  4. 2.4.7 Focus Visible

Explanation

Success criterion 1.4.5 requires that text be used to convey information rather than pictures of text, except where a particular presentation is essential or customizable. It ensures text can be resized, restyled, and read by assistive technology.

Question 35Accessibility Standards and Regulations

A form provides clear instructions and labels, but a user with a cognitive disability still cannot recover after an error because the site discards all entered data on submission failure. Which WCAG success criterion is most relevant?

  1. 3.3.4 Error Prevention (Legal, Financial, Data) Correct answer.
  2. 3.1.5 Reading Level
  3. 3.3.2 Labels or Instructions
  4. 3.2.2 On Input

Explanation

Success criterion 3.3.4 requires that pages involving legal commitments or financial or data transactions offer reversible, checked, or confirmed submissions. Losing entered data on failure undermines that protection.

Question 36Accessibility Standards and Regulations

A site offers a 'skip to main content' link as the first focusable element. Which WCAG success criterion does this primarily satisfy?

  1. 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks Correct answer.
  2. 2.4.3 Focus Order
  3. 2.4.6 Headings and Labels
  4. 3.2.3 Consistent Navigation

Explanation

Success criterion 2.4.1 requires a mechanism to bypass blocks of content repeated across pages, such as navigation. A skip link is a common technique for letting keyboard users jump directly to main content.

Question 37Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which WCAG 2.1 Level AA success criterion requires that pointer gestures not rely on a specific path or multipoint action unless essential?

  1. 2.5.4 Motion Actuation
  2. 2.5.3 Label in Name
  3. 2.5.2 Pointer Cancellation
  4. 2.5.1 Pointer Gestures Correct answer.

Explanation

Success criterion 2.5.1 requires that multipoint or path-based gestures have a single-pointer alternative unless the gesture is essential. This supports users who cannot perform complex touch gestures.

Question 38Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which WCAG 2.1 Level AAA success criterion requires that the reading level of text be no more than lower secondary education, or that supplemental content be provided?

  1. 3.1.2 Language of Parts
  2. 3.1.3 Unusual Words
  3. 3.1.4 Abbreviations
  4. 3.1.5 Reading Level Correct answer.

Explanation

Success criterion 3.1.5 Reading Level, at AAA, requires that text not exceed the lower secondary education level unless supplemental content or a version at that level is available. It targets comprehension for users with cognitive and reading difficulties.

Question 39Accessibility Standards and Regulations

Which WCAG 2.2 success criterion at Level AA addresses dragging movements and requires a single-pointer alternative for any operation that uses dragging?

  1. 2.5.7 Dragging Movements Correct answer.
  2. 2.5.8 Target Size (Minimum)
  3. 2.5.5 Target Size (Enhanced)
  4. 2.5.6 Concurrent Input Mechanisms

Explanation

Success criterion 2.5.7 requires that functionality using a dragging movement be achievable with a single pointer without dragging, unless dragging is essential. This supports users with motor impairments who cannot perform sustained drag actions.

Question 40Accessibility Standards and Regulations

A vendor claims a web application conforms to WCAG 2.1 Level AA. Which statement about conformance requirements is accurate?

  1. Every page in the defined scope must fully satisfy all Level A and AA criteria Correct answer.
  2. Pages may exclude criteria that are difficult to implement
  3. Meeting Level AAA criteria is required before claiming Level AA
  4. Conformance can be claimed for a single feature without defining scope

Explanation

The WCAG conformance requirements state that full conformance applies to whole pages and to all pages within a defined scope, satisfying every Level A and AA criterion. Partial or feature-level conformance claims are not permitted.

Question 41Disability Awareness and Inclusive Design Principles

Under the social model of disability, disability is primarily understood as resulting from which of the following?

  1. A medical condition located within the individual
  2. A temporary injury that resolves with treatment
  3. A personal deficit in motivation or effort
  4. Barriers created by society interacting with a person's impairment Correct answer.

Explanation

The social model distinguishes impairment (a physical, sensory, or cognitive difference) from disability, which arises from environmental and attitudinal barriers. It locates the problem in society's design and practices rather than in the individual.

Question 42Disability Awareness and Inclusive Design Principles

A web team adds text alternatives to images so that screen reader users can understand visual content. This practice most directly supports which principle?

  1. Perceivable Correct answer.
  2. Understandable
  3. Robust
  4. Operable

Explanation

The POUR principles divide accessibility into Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, and Robust. Text alternatives make non-text content available to senses other than sight, which is the Perceivable principle.

Question 43Disability Awareness and Inclusive Design Principles

Which term describes the practice of designing products for the widest possible range of users from the outset, rather than retrofitting for specific groups?

  1. Assistive technology
  2. Individualized adaptation
  3. Reasonable accommodation
  4. Universal design Correct answer.

Explanation

Universal design means creating environments and products usable by as many people as possible without special adaptation. Accommodations and assistive technology are typically added for particular individuals after the fact.

Question 44Disability Awareness and Inclusive Design Principles

Which condition is generally classified as a non-apparent (invisible) disability?

  1. Total blindness using a white cane
  2. Hearing loss managed with discreet hearing aids Correct answer.
  3. Paraplegia requiring a wheelchair
  4. Bilateral lower-limb amputation

Explanation

Non-apparent disabilities are not immediately obvious to observers and include many hearing, cognitive, chronic health, and mental health conditions. A person using hearing aids may show no visible sign of disability.

Question 45Disability Awareness and Inclusive Design Principles

What does the term 'person-first language' emphasize?

  1. Avoiding any mention of disability in professional settings
  2. Using only clinical diagnostic labels in documentation
  3. Referring to the disability before the person, such as 'a disabled person'
  4. Referring to the person before the disability, such as 'a person with a disability' Correct answer.

Explanation

Person-first language places the individual ahead of the disability to emphasize personhood over a single characteristic. Some communities, notably many Deaf and autistic self-advocates, prefer identity-first language, so preferences should be respected.

Question 46Disability Awareness and Inclusive Design Principles

A document uses a light gray font on a white background for body text. Which accessibility concern is most direct?

  1. Gray text disables keyboard navigation
  2. The text will not print on most printers
  3. Insufficient color contrast reduces readability Correct answer.
  4. Screen readers cannot parse gray text

Explanation

Low contrast between text and background makes content hard to read for people with low vision and others. Accessibility standards set minimum contrast ratios for text.

Question 47Disability Awareness and Inclusive Design Principles

Which practice best supports users who are Deaf or hard of hearing when producing video content?

  1. Removing all on-screen text to reduce clutter
  2. Adding background music at higher volume
  3. Providing synchronized captions for spoken audio Correct answer.
  4. Relying on animated visuals to convey speech

Explanation

Captions convey spoken dialogue and meaningful sounds as text synchronized with the video. They are a primary access feature for Deaf and hard-of-hearing audiences.

Question 48Disability Awareness and Inclusive Design Principles

In the context of disability awareness, what does 'ableism' refer to?

  1. A therapy approach for treating impairments
  2. Discrimination or prejudice favoring non-disabled people and devaluing disabled people Correct answer.
  3. A legal requirement to hire a fixed quota of disabled workers
  4. A design method limited to wheelchair access

Explanation

Ableism is a system of beliefs and practices that treats non-disabled status as normal and superior, producing discrimination against disabled people. It can be individual or embedded in institutions and design.

Question 49Disability Awareness and Inclusive Design Principles

A form requires users to complete a task within 30 seconds or it resets. Which user group is most disadvantaged by this design?

  1. Users who prefer dark mode interfaces
  2. Users on large desktop monitors
  3. Users with motor or cognitive conditions who need more time Correct answer.
  4. Users with high-speed internet connections

Explanation

Time limits disadvantage people who need more time to read, think, or input data, including those with cognitive, motor, or dexterity conditions. Accessible design allows users to extend or disable time limits.

Question 50Disability Awareness and Inclusive Design Principles

A designer places a small icon-only button next to a form field with no visible label. Which improvement best addresses accessibility for screen reader and cognitive users?

  1. Increase the icon's color saturation
  2. Move the button to the top of the page
  3. Add a programmatic and visible text label describing the button's action Correct answer.
  4. Make the icon larger without adding text

Explanation

Icon-only controls need an accessible name so assistive technology can announce their purpose, and a visible label helps users with cognitive or language differences. Visual styling changes alone do not supply that information.