Sensor Calibration, Aiming, and Target Positioning
Calibration aligns a sensor's output to the vehicle's geometry so the world model is accurate. Two broad types: static (target-based) calibration, performed in a controlled bay with precisely positioned targets and specified distances, and dynamic calibration, performed by driving under defined conditions (speed, road markings, lighting). Cameras typically need static target calibration after windshield replacement or geometry changes; radar may need aiming or dynamic calibration. Lidar and corner radars have their own procedures.
Candidates must understand why calibration matters: a misaimed camera shifts lane and object positions, causing false or missed interventions. Preconditions are critical-tire pressure, ride height, fuel level, clean sensors, level floor, correct target distance and height, and no obstructions. Questions test these preconditions and the consequences of skipping them.
Traps: assuming calibration is optional after bumper or windshield work (it usually is required); mixing up static vs. dynamic requirements; ignoring that suspension, alignment, or ride-height changes can require recalibration; assuming a scan tool alone completes calibration without the physical setup. Another trap is target placement-targets must be at the specified distance, height, and angle, and the bay must be free of reflective surfaces that confuse the camera.
Rule of thumb: any repair that changes sensor mounting position, angle, or the vehicle's geometry (windshield, bumper, suspension, alignment) triggers a calibration check. Verify preconditions before starting; a failed calibration often traces to a precondition, not a bad sensor.