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Question 1Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

In Erikson's psychosocial theory, the crisis of initiative versus guilt is centered in which period of development?

  1. Infancy, roughly birth to 18 months
  2. Middle childhood, roughly ages 6 to 12
  3. Early childhood, roughly ages 3 to 6 Correct answer.
  4. Adolescence, roughly ages 12 to 18

Explanation

Erikson located initiative versus guilt in the preschool years, when children assert purpose through play, make-believe, and self-directed activity. The adjacent stages supply the contrast: trust versus mistrust in infancy, industry versus inferiority in middle childhood, and identity versus role confusion in adolescence.

Question 2Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A child recognizes that rolling a ball of clay into a long thin strip does not change the amount of clay. This understanding, called conservation, is a hallmark of which of Piaget's stages?

  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Formal operational
  3. Preoperational
  4. Concrete operational Correct answer.

Explanation

Conservation is achieved in the concrete operational stage, roughly ages 7 to 11, when children can apply reversible mental operations to physical quantities. Preoperational children are typically fooled by the perceptual appearance of the transformed object.

Question 3Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

In Maslow's hierarchy, which need level must generally be reasonably satisfied before a person can pursue esteem needs?

  1. Cognitive understanding
  2. Love and belonging Correct answer.
  3. Esteem from others
  4. Self-actualization

Explanation

Maslow ordered needs so that physiological, safety, and belonging needs precede esteem needs, which in turn precede self-actualization. Belongingness therefore sits directly below esteem in the standard hierarchy.

Question 4Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

In Kubler-Ross's framework describing responses to terminal illness, which reaction typically appears first?

  1. Depression
  2. Denial Correct answer.
  3. Anger
  4. Bargaining

Explanation

The commonly taught sequence begins with denial, an initial buffer against overwhelming news, followed by anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. The stages are now understood as non-linear and not universally sequential.

Question 5Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

Exposure to a teratogen is most likely to produce major structural birth defects during which period of prenatal development?

  1. The embryonic period, weeks 3 through 8 Correct answer.
  2. The perinatal period, near delivery
  3. The fetal period, weeks 20 through 38
  4. The germinal period, the first two weeks

Explanation

The embryonic period is when the major organ systems differentiate, so teratogen exposure then most often causes structural malformations. Later exposure tends to affect growth, organ function, and the central nervous system rather than gross anatomy.

Question 6Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A toddler quietly withdraws in unfamiliar settings and then gradually joins in once comfortable. This pattern best fits which of Thomas and Chess's temperament categories?

  1. Slow-to-warm-up Correct answer.
  2. Goodness of fit
  3. Easy
  4. Difficult

Explanation

Slow-to-warm-up children show mild, low-intensity reactions, initial withdrawal from novelty, and gradual adaptation with repeated exposure. Easy temperament involves quick positive adaptation, and difficult temperament involves intense, irregular, largely negative responses.

Question 7Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

Bandura's Bobo doll studies showed that children can acquire aggressive behavior primarily through which process?

  1. Classical conditioning of fear responses
  2. Operant reinforcement of their own aggression
  3. Maturation of instinctual drives
  4. Observation and imitation of a model Correct answer.

Explanation

Children who watched an adult model act aggressively reproduced similar behavior without having been reinforced themselves, demonstrating observational learning. Reinforcement and punishment then influence whether the learned behavior is performed.

Question 8Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

Which cognitive ability typically shows the earliest and steepest average decline in normal later adulthood?

  1. Processing speed Correct answer.
  2. Vocabulary knowledge
  3. Semantic memory
  4. Procedural skills

Explanation

Fluid abilities such as processing speed, working memory, and novel problem solving decline earlier and more steeply than crystallized abilities. Vocabulary, semantic knowledge, and well-practiced procedural skills are comparatively preserved or may even improve.

Question 9Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A 13-year-old is convinced that everyone at school will notice a small blemish on her chin. This belief is best understood as:

  1. Concrete operational thinking with centration
  2. Regression to an earlier developmental period
  3. Insecure-resistant attachment to caregivers
  4. Imaginary audience egocentrism Correct answer.

Explanation

Elkind described adolescent egocentrism as including the imaginary audience, the belief that one is the focus of others' constant scrutiny. It arises from newly acquired formal operational thought combined with the task of forming an identity.

Question 10Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A teenager follows a rule mainly to avoid disappointing her parents and to be regarded as a good person. In Kohlberg's scheme this reflects:

  1. Conventional reasoning focused on approval Correct answer.
  2. Preconventional reasoning focused on exchange
  3. Preconventional reasoning focused on punishment
  4. Postconventional reasoning focused on principles

Explanation

Kohlberg's conventional level includes the interpersonal accord orientation, in which moral decisions are guided by others' expectations and the desire to maintain approval and social order. Preconventional reasoning is self-interested, and postconventional reasoning appeals to abstract principles.

Question 11Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

In Ainsworth's Strange Situation, which attachment classification describes an infant who shows little distress when the caregiver leaves and looks away or ignores her when she returns?

  1. Insecure-resistant (ambivalent)
  2. Insecure-avoidant Correct answer.
  3. Secure
  4. Disorganized-disoriented

Explanation

Insecure-avoidant infants explore readily and show muted separation distress with active avoidance of the caregiver at reunion, reflecting a strategy of minimizing attachment expression. Secure infants seek contact and are soothed, resistant infants show clingy, hard-to-soothe behavior, and disorganized infants lack a coherent strategy.

Question 12Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A community's new parental-leave policy changes how much time a father can spend at home with his young children. In Bronfenbrenner's model, this policy belongs to which system?

  1. Mesosystem
  2. Exosystem Correct answer.
  3. Microsystem
  4. Macrosystem

Explanation

The exosystem consists of settings that the individual does not directly participate in but which shape their development, such as workplace policies and community institutions. Microsystems are the settings the person actually inhabits, and macrosystems are the broader cultural and ideological patterns.

Question 13Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development refers to:

  1. The gap between siblings' measured abilities
  2. The stage when object permanence is achieved
  3. The gap between solo and guided performance Correct answer.
  4. The period of fastest language growth

Explanation

The zone of proximal development is the distance between what a learner can accomplish independently and what is possible with skilled assistance. Instruction is most effective when it targets this zone through scaffolding that is gradually withdrawn.

Question 14Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

An immigrant keeps strong ties to her culture of origin while also adopting many practices of the host society. In Berry's framework, this acculturation strategy is:

  1. Assimilation
  2. Marginalization
  3. Separation
  4. Integration Correct answer.

Explanation

Berry's model crosses maintenance of heritage culture with contact and participation in the host culture. Integration combines both, and is generally associated with the best psychosocial outcomes when the host society is receptive.

Question 15Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A client tells a social worker that a coworker repeatedly asks her, in a friendly tone, 'Where are you really from?' Such brief, commonplace slights are best conceptualized as:

  1. Acculturative stress
  2. Intergroup contact
  3. Microaggressions Correct answer.
  4. Cultural assimilation

Explanation

Microaggressions are everyday verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities that communicate hostile or denigrating messages to members of marginalized groups. They may be intentional or unintentional, but their cumulative impact on the recipient is significant.

Question 16Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

In Cross's model of Black racial identity development, which stage involves a personal encounter with racism that disrupts the person's prior self-concept and produces confusion, guilt, and anger?

  1. Internalization
  2. Pre-encounter
  3. Immersion-emersion
  4. Encounter Correct answer.

Explanation

The encounter stage is triggered by an experience that forces reconsideration of previously held beliefs and generates intense, often painful emotion. Pre-encounter precedes it, while immersion-emersion and internalization follow as the person redefines identity and eventually achieves security in it.

Question 17Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A social worker focuses on removing physical and attitudinal barriers so that a client with a disability can fully participate in the community. This approach reflects:

  1. The tragedy model of disability
  2. The moral model of disability
  3. The social model of disability Correct answer.
  4. The medical model of disability

Explanation

The social model locates disability in the interaction between an individual's impairment and environmental barriers, so intervention targets the environment rather than the person. The medical model locates the problem in the individual and emphasizes treatment or correction.

Question 18Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

Two parents who avoid discussing their own marital conflict instead focus repeatedly on their son's misbehavior, drawing him into their tension. In family systems terms this is:

  1. Scapegoating
  2. Enmeshment
  3. Triangulation Correct answer.
  4. Differentiation

Explanation

Triangulation occurs when tension between two family members is detoured through a third, stabilizing the dyad at the child's expense. The child's behavior becomes the accepted language of a conflict that actually belongs to the parents.

Question 19Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A child learns that certain toys, colors, and activities 'belong' to boys or to girls and then actively seeks out information and behaviors consistent with that grouping. This is best explained by:

  1. Gender schema theory Correct answer.
  2. Psychoanalytic identification
  3. Reinforcement of sex-typed play
  4. Biological predisposition

Explanation

Gender schema theory holds that children construct organized knowledge structures about gender and then use them to guide attention, memory, and behavior. The child's active self-socialization, not just external reward, is central to the explanation.

Question 20Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A client states that he is uncomfortable with closeness, handles problems alone, and considers relationships largely unnecessary. In adult attachment terms, this pattern is best described as:

  1. Secure
  2. Dismissive-avoidant Correct answer.
  3. Fearful-avoidant
  4. Anxious-preoccupied

Explanation

Dismissive-avoidant attachment involves deactivating strategies: minimizing the value of close relationships and asserting independence, consistent with a positive model of self and a negative model of others. Fearful-avoidant individuals also avoid closeness but desire it and fear rejection.

Question 21Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

An older adult hospitalized for surgery becomes acutely confused over two days, with fluctuating attention and disorientation after starting a new medication. The most likely explanation is:

  1. Delirium Correct answer.
  2. Normal aging
  3. Dementia
  4. Major depression

Explanation

Delirium has an acute onset, fluctuating course, and impaired attention, and is frequently triggered by medication, infection, or hospitalization in older adults. It is a medical emergency that requires prompt evaluation of the underlying cause.

Question 22Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

An assessment treats a client's immigration status, gender, and low income as separate risk factors rather than examining how they jointly shape her access to services. The analytic stance that corrects this error is:

  1. Cultural pluralism
  2. The ecological perspective
  3. Intersectionality Correct answer.
  4. Assimilation theory

Explanation

Intersectionality holds that multiple social identities and systems of oppression interact to produce experiences that cannot be understood by summing separate categories. Practice informed by this stance examines combined effects rather than treating each status in isolation.

Question 23Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A capable student performs below his usual level on a math test after being reminded that his group is stereotyped as weak in mathematics. This performance drop illustrates:

  1. Social comparison
  2. Cultural mistrust
  3. Social loafing
  4. Stereotype threat Correct answer.

Explanation

Stereotype threat is the apprehension of confirming a negative stereotype about one's group, which consumes working memory and impairs performance. It is situational, arising from cues in the testing context rather than from stable ability differences.

Question 24Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

In many immigrant families, adolescent children translate for their parents, and parents come to rely on them for information about the new society. This shift in family authority is commonly described as:

  1. Acculturative stress
  2. Cultural assimilation
  3. Role reversal Correct answer.
  4. Filial piety

Explanation

Language brokering can invert expected parent-child roles, so that children hold knowledge and power normally vested in parents, which may strain family hierarchy and conflict. The dynamic reflects an acculturation gap between generations rather than any single family member's deficit.

Question 25Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A toddler alternates between exploring away from her mother and returning for reassurance, and protests when her mother leaves the room. In Mahler's separation-individuation theory this is the:

  1. Symbiotic phase
  2. Rapprochement phase Correct answer.
  3. Object constancy phase
  4. Autistic phase

Explanation

During rapprochement, roughly 15 to 24 months, toddlers practice autonomy but repeatedly return to the caregiver for emotional refueling, and awareness of separateness brings ambivalence. It follows the practicing subphase and precedes the consolidation of object constancy.

Question 26Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

According to Erikson, the central psychosocial task of the first year of life is best described as which of the following?

  1. Industry versus inferiority
  2. Trust versus mistrust Correct answer.
  3. Initiative versus guilt
  4. Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Explanation

Erikson placed the first year of life in the trust versus mistrust stage, where consistent and responsive caregiving builds an expectation that the world is safe and that needs will be met. The remaining pairs belong to later periods: autonomy to toddlerhood, initiative to the preschool years, and industry to middle childhood.

Question 27Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A 5-year-old watches juice being poured from a short wide glass into a tall narrow glass and insists there is now more juice. This response best illustrates which of the following?

  1. Animistic reasoning
  2. Failure to conserve Correct answer.
  3. Egocentric viewpoint
  4. Absence of object permanence

Explanation

In Piaget's preoperational period children center on one perceptual dimension at a time, so they judge quantity by height rather than by the amount present. Conservation, the understanding that quantity is unchanged by a change in appearance, is normally achieved in the concrete operational stage.

Question 28Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A 22-month-old says "Daddy go car" and "more juice" but omits articles, prepositions, and verb endings. This pattern is best described as which of the following?

  1. Holophrastic speech
  2. Phonological simplification
  3. Telegraphic speech Correct answer.
  4. Overregularization

Explanation

Between roughly 18 and 24 months children begin combining words into short utterances built mainly from content words while grammatical markers are dropped, a pattern called telegraphic speech. Overregularization and sound simplification occur at different points and involve different features of language.

Question 29Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

Which of the following is a well-established teratogen associated with intellectual disability and characteristic facial features in the exposed child?

  1. Prenatal alcohol Correct answer.
  2. Prenatal iron supplementation
  3. Maternal hypertension
  4. Folic acid supplementation

Explanation

Alcohol crosses the placenta and is a confirmed teratogen; heavy prenatal exposure can produce fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, which include cognitive impairment and characteristic facial features. The other listed factors are not teratogens of this kind, although some affect pregnancy outcomes in other ways.

Question 30Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A 9-year-old who repeatedly fails to master tasks that peers and teachers value is at greatest risk of developing which of the following, according to Erikson?

  1. Inferiority Correct answer.
  2. Role confusion
  3. Isolation
  4. Stagnation

Explanation

Erikson's school-age stage is industry versus inferiority, in which repeated failure at valued tasks can produce a durable sense of inadequacy. The other outcomes belong to different stages of the life cycle.

Question 31Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A 10-month-old searches under a blanket for a toy she watched an adult hide there. This behavior is the standard indicator that she has developed which of the following?

  1. Conservation of number
  2. Seriation ability
  3. Reversibility of thought
  4. Object permanence Correct answer.

Explanation

Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist when they are out of sight, and deliberate search for a hidden object is the classic sign that it has developed during the sensorimotor period. Conservation, reversibility, and seriation are concrete operational achievements of later childhood.

Question 32Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A social worker advises the parents of a highly active, intense toddler to keep routines predictable and to give warnings before transitions, which visibly reduces conflict. This approach best reflects which concept?

  1. Goodness of fit Correct answer.
  2. Scaffolding
  3. Classical extinction
  4. Reciprocal determinism

Explanation

Goodness of fit describes the match between a child's temperament and the demands and supports of the caregiving environment; adapting the environment to the child's style reduces friction. Scaffolding and reciprocal determinism refer to different processes.

Question 33Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

An older adult reviews her life, accepts both her accomplishments and her regrets, and expresses a sense of completeness. In Erikson's scheme this outcome reflects resolution of which of the following?

  1. Integrity versus despair Correct answer.
  2. Autonomy versus shame and doubt
  3. Generativity versus stagnation
  4. Intimacy versus isolation

Explanation

In the final stage, integrity versus despair, older adults evaluate their lives as a whole and either accept them or experience bitterness over missed opportunities. The other stages named occur earlier in the life cycle.

Question 34Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A 4-year-old watches one adult hide a ball in a basket and leave the room, then sees a second adult move the ball to a box. Asked where the first adult will look for the ball, the child says the basket. This response best demonstrates which of the following?

  1. False-belief understanding Correct answer.
  2. Perceptual centration
  3. Conservation of liquid volume
  4. Egocentric speech

Explanation

Correctly predicting that another person will act on a mistaken belief shows that the child represents mental states as separate from reality, the core achievement of theory of mind. The other options are Piagetian concepts that do not require perspective taking.

Question 35Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A 7-year-old refuses to take a classmate's pencil, explaining that he would be punished if the teacher caught him. In Kohlberg's framework this reasoning reflects which level?

  1. Preconventional Correct answer.
  2. Postconventional
  3. Postformal
  4. Conventional

Explanation

Reasoning organized around avoiding punishment and serving one's own interests is Level 1, the preconventional level. Conventional reasoning rests on approval and rules, postconventional reasoning appeals to shared principles, and postformal thought is a separate concept that is not part of Kohlberg's stage sequence.

Question 36Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg's theory of moral development centered on which claim?

  1. His stages were built only from cross-sectional data
  2. His scheme privileged justice over an ethic of care Correct answer.
  3. Conventional reasoning is the ceiling for most adults
  4. Moral reasoning cannot be reliably scored in children

Explanation

Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's male samples and scoring criteria treated a justice-based approach as the standard and downgraded the care and relational orientation she observed in women's reasoning. Her argument concerned the values embedded in the scoring system, not the measurability of moral reasoning.

Question 37Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A school and a child's family agree on consistent homework expectations and communicate regularly about assignments. In Bronfenbrenner's model, this link between two microsystems is the:

  1. Mesosystem Correct answer.
  2. Exosystem
  3. Macrosystem
  4. Chronosystem

Explanation

The mesosystem consists of the interactions among a child's microsystems, such as the relationship between home and school. The exosystem involves settings that affect the child indirectly, the macrosystem supplies cultural blueprints, and the chronosystem concerns time and change.

Question 38Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A kindergartner talks aloud to himself while working a puzzle and later whispers similar directions while working alone. From a Vygotskian perspective this behavior reflects which of the following?

  1. Internalization of social speech Correct answer.
  2. Evidence of egocentric thought that fades
  3. A form of observational learning
  4. A sign of receptive language delay

Explanation

Vygotsky held that self-directed speech originates in social speech and gradually becomes inner speech that regulates thinking, so talking through a task is a step toward self-guidance. Piaget instead viewed such speech as egocentric and expected it to disappear, which is the contrasting view.

Question 39Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A young child who was frightened by a loud noise while with a white laboratory rat later shows fear of rabbits, cotton balls, and other white fuzzy objects. This outcome is best described as which of the following?

  1. Negative reinforcement
  2. Vicarious reinforcement
  3. Operant extinction
  4. Generalization Correct answer.

Explanation

When a neutral stimulus is paired with an aversive event, a conditioned fear response develops and spreads to stimuli similar to the original one, which is stimulus generalization. The other options describe different learning processes.

Question 40Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A father sometimes buys candy when his daughter whines in the store and sometimes refuses. The whining persists mainly because of which of the following?

  1. Intermittent reinforcement Correct answer.
  2. A response cost contingency
  3. Extinction of the whining
  4. Negative reinforcement

Explanation

Behavior reinforced only some of the time is more resistant to extinction than behavior reinforced on every occasion, which is why occasional giving in maintains whining. Consistent withholding of the candy would be required for extinction to occur.

Question 41Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

After exploring several career paths and religious traditions, a 19-year-old commits to a career direction and a set of values. In Marcia's framework this outcome is called which of the following?

  1. Identity confusion with exploration
  2. Moratorium
  3. Foreclosure
  4. Identity achievement Correct answer.

Explanation

Marcia defined identity statuses by the presence or absence of exploration and commitment; commitment following exploration is identity achievement. Foreclosure is commitment without exploration, moratorium is exploration without commitment, and diffusion is neither.

Question 42Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

Over three years an older adult shows gradually worsening memory and word-finding difficulty, with intact attention early on and no abrupt onset. This pattern is most consistent with which of the following?

  1. An adjustment disorder with depressed mood
  2. Normal age-related forgetting
  3. Major neurocognitive disorder Correct answer.
  4. Delirium

Explanation

Insidious, progressive decline in memory and language with relatively preserved attention early in the course suggests a major neurocognitive disorder. Delirium has an acute onset with fluctuating attention, and normal aging does not produce this degree of progressive functional loss.

Question 43Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

In a classroom sociometric survey, a child receives very few nominations as liked and very few nominations as disliked. This child is best classified as:

  1. Average
  2. Neglected Correct answer.
  3. Controversial
  4. Rejected

Explanation

Neglected children are overlooked by peers; they receive few nominations of either kind. Rejected children receive many negative nominations, and controversial children receive both positive and negative ones.

Question 44Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

An adolescent learns the host language and customs quickly while her parents retain their heritage practices and limited host-language skills, and conflict between them increases. This pattern is best described as which of the following?

  1. An acculturation gap Correct answer.
  2. Segmented assimilation
  3. Reactive ethnicity
  4. Cultural pluralism

Explanation

When children acculturate faster than their parents, differences in language, norms, and expectations can generate family conflict, a pattern called the acculturation gap. Segmented assimilation and reactive ethnicity describe different patterns of incorporation into the host society.

Question 45Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A social worker meets with a 5-year-old whose parents are separating. Which response is most developmentally expected for a child this age?

  1. An accurate grasp of the custody schedule
  2. Grief identical to adult mourning
  3. Self-blame for the separation Correct answer.
  4. No reaction to changes in routine

Explanation

Preschool-age children are cognitively egocentric and often assume their own behavior caused the separation, so clear reassurance that they are not responsible is important. Their understanding of arrangements and their expressions of grief differ from those of adults.

Question 46Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

An adult cannot separate his own reasoned judgments from his family's emotional pressure and becomes highly reactive whenever relatives disagree. In Bowen's theory this pattern indicates low:

  1. Triangulation
  2. Differentiation of self Correct answer.
  3. Emotional cutoff
  4. Multigenerational transmission

Explanation

Differentiation of self is the capacity to maintain one's own thinking and to stay calm while in close emotional contact with others. Triangulation, multigenerational transmission, and emotional cutoff are related Bowen concepts describing different family patterns.

Question 47Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

In an unfamiliar setting, a toddler alternately approaches her returning caregiver, turns away, and briefly freezes with a dazed expression. Which attachment classification does this pattern represent?

  1. Resistant-ambivalent
  2. Avoidant
  3. Disorganized Correct answer.
  4. Secure

Explanation

Disorganized attachment is marked by contradictory, freezing, or undirected behavior toward the caregiver, suggesting no coherent strategy for managing distress. Secure, avoidant, and resistant patterns each involve an organized approach to the caregiver.

Question 48Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A 5-year-old's ideas about the divine are drawn from stories, images, and the emotional tone of the adults around him and are not yet organized into a coherent belief system. In Fowler's stages of faith this is:

  1. Synthetic-conventional faith
  2. Intuitive-projective faith Correct answer.
  3. Mythic-literal faith
  4. Conjunctive faith

Explanation

Fowler's intuitive-projective stage, characteristic of early childhood, is dominated by images, feelings, and stories borrowed from caregivers rather than by coherent concepts. The mythic-literal stage organizes beliefs more literally, and later stages involve increasingly abstract and reflective faith.

Question 49Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A client explains that her distress comes from a disruption in her relationships with ancestors and from envy directed at her by others. Which framework best guides the social worker's assessment?

  1. The biomedical model
  2. The person-in-environment perspective
  3. The stages of change model
  4. An explanatory model approach Correct answer.

Explanation

Kleinman's explanatory model approach elicits the client's own account of what caused the problem and what treatment should involve, which is central to culturally valid assessment. The other frameworks do not center the client's causal explanation.

Question 50Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in the Environment

A child of average overall intellectual ability shows persistent, severe difficulty with reading despite adequate instruction and opportunity to learn. This presentation is most consistent with:

  1. A disruptive behavior disorder
  2. A specific learning disorder Correct answer.
  3. A communication disorder
  4. An intellectual disability

Explanation

A specific learning disorder involves persistent difficulty in a circumscribed academic domain that is not explained by general intellectual ability or inadequate instruction. Intellectual disability would involve broadly limited cognitive and adaptive functioning.