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HSC English Extension 1 (NSW) study materials
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HSC English Extension 1 (NSW) practice questions

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Question 1Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

In the Common Module, what does the term 'literary world' most precisely refer to?

  1. The physical setting named in the title of a text
  2. The biography of a text's central protagonist
  3. The constructed reality a text invites readers to inhabit, shaped by its language, form and values Correct answer.
  4. The historical period in which the author lived and wrote

Explanation

A literary world is the reality a text builds through its language, structure, perspective and values, not simply a location or a period. Readers are positioned to inhabit and interpret this constructed reality.

Question 2Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A student argues that a novel's world feels 'real' because it obeys consistent rules about what is possible. Which concept best names this quality?

  1. Intertextuality
  2. Verisimilitude Correct answer.
  3. Metafiction
  4. Bathos

Explanation

Verisimilitude describes the appearance of truth or reality a text creates by maintaining internal plausibility and consistency. It is produced by craft, not by factual accuracy.

Question 3Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

Which narrative technique most directly shapes the reader's access to a literary world by limiting what can be known?

  1. Enjambment
  2. Alliteration
  3. Anagnorisis
  4. Focalisation Correct answer.

Explanation

Focalisation describes the perspective through which a narrative is filtered, controlling what information the reader receives. Restricting focalisation makes the world feel partial and situated.

Question 4Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A text presents a utopian society that readers gradually recognise as oppressive. Which term best describes the world the text ultimately constructs?

  1. Dystopian Correct answer.
  2. Gothic
  3. Pastoral
  4. Picaresque

Explanation

A dystopian world presents an apparently ideal or ordered society that proves dehumanising or coercive. The gap between surface perfection and underlying control is the defining feature.

Question 5Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

Which statement best explains how a text's form contributes to its construction of a world?

  1. Form is decorative and does not affect the reader's understanding of the world
  2. Form organises how readers encounter the world, so structure itself produces meaning Correct answer.
  3. Form refers exclusively to the length of a text
  4. Form only matters in poetry, while prose relies solely on content

Explanation

Form, including structure, genre and medium, shapes the order and manner in which a world is disclosed to readers. Meaning emerges from how material is organised, not only from what is said.

Question 6Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

An author invents a detailed language, calendar and legal system for a fictional society. What is the primary effect of this world-building?

  1. It proves the society is morally superior
  2. It removes the need for characterisation
  3. It establishes internal coherence that makes the world feel self-sustaining Correct answer.
  4. It guarantees the text will be classified as science fiction

Explanation

Elaborate invented systems create internal coherence, allowing readers to accept the world as self-sustaining. Coherence is a craft effect, not a genre label or a moral claim.

Question 7Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

Which sentence uses the term 'world' in the sense expected by the Common Module?

  1. The ancient world ended with an invasion
  2. She travelled the world during her gap year
  3. The text's world is sustained by a distinctive register and recurring imagery Correct answer.
  4. The world was stunned by the announcement

Explanation

In this module, 'world' refers to the reality constructed within a text through language and form. The other sentences use the term in everyday or historical senses.

Question 8Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

What does it mean to say a text 'positions' its reader in relation to a world?

  1. The text's techniques invite the reader to adopt particular assumptions and sympathies Correct answer.
  2. The reader is legally required to accept the text's claims
  3. The reader physically occupies the setting described
  4. The text deliberately conceals its own existence

Explanation

Positioning refers to the way techniques such as voice, focalisation and imagery invite readers to adopt certain assumptions and sympathies. It is a rhetorical effect, not a literal or legal one.

Question 9Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A novel alternates between a child's naive narration and an omniscient narrator's commentary. What is the most significant effect on the literary world?

  1. The world loses all coherence because narration is inconsistent
  2. The world is revealed to be entirely imaginary
  3. The world becomes simpler because two narrators explain everything
  4. The world is shown to be contested, with different perspectives revealing different truths Correct answer.

Explanation

Competing perspectives construct a world that is layered and contested, since each voice discloses different aspects of reality. The resulting complexity invites readers to weigh versions against one another.

Question 10Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A poet describes an unnamed city only through smells, sounds and fragments of overheard speech. Which claim about this literary world is best supported?

  1. The world is identical to the poet's own city
  2. The world is rendered through sensory immediacy rather than mapped geography Correct answer.
  3. The world is uninteresting because it lacks description
  4. The world is unreal because no street names are given

Explanation

Selective sensory detail creates a world experienced rather than charted, foregrounding atmosphere over cartography. The absence of named geography is a deliberate representational choice.

Question 11Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

Which technique most strongly establishes the values of a fictional society for a reader?

  1. Repeated rituals and social conventions depicted as unremarkable Correct answer.
  2. A chapter title naming the protagonist
  3. An epigraph from a real-world philosopher
  4. A single reference to the society's founding date

Explanation

Values are conveyed most effectively through habitual practices presented as ordinary, since norms reveal what a society assumes without stating it. Repetition normalises these assumptions for readers.

Question 12Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A text describes a landscape as 'hostile' and 'watchful'. What does this personification most likely achieve?

  1. It indicates the narrator is unreliable about geography
  2. It shows the author dislikes nature writing
  3. It fuses setting with atmosphere, making the world feel animate and judgemental Correct answer.
  4. It proves the landscape contains literal supernatural beings

Explanation

Personifying landscape collapses setting into atmosphere, so the world appears to have agency and attitude. This shapes readers' emotional response to place.

Question 13Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A short story ends mid-sentence, leaving its world unresolved. What is the most defensible reading of this choice?

  1. The open form mirrors the world's instability and refuses closure for the reader Correct answer.
  2. The reader is expected to write the missing pages
  3. The world is proven not to exist
  4. The author ran out of ideas and the text is incomplete

Explanation

Deliberate irresolution can construct a world defined by uncertainty, making form enact theme. Readers are left to sit with instability rather than receive resolution.

Question 14Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

Which pairing correctly matches a technique with its likely effect on a literary world?

  1. Steady rhythm - the world feels chaotic and disordered
  2. Direct address - the world feels sealed off from the reader
  3. Dialogue only - the world feels devoid of any social relations
  4. Fragmented chronology - the world feels unstable and memory-driven Correct answer.

Explanation

Fragmented chronology disrupts linear causality, producing a world experienced through memory and instability. Effects arise from how technique organises perception.

Question 15Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A text set in a recognisable real city invents a fictional suburb within it. How is this world best described?

  1. A historical record with no fictional elements
  2. A hybrid world blending documented geography with invented detail Correct answer.
  3. An allegory requiring every detail to map onto real events
  4. A purely fantastical world with no relation to reality

Explanation

Mixing real geography with invented places produces a hybrid world that borrows plausibility from reality while extending it imaginatively. Readers accept the invention because it is anchored in the familiar.

Question 16Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

What is the clearest sign that a text is engaging in metafictional world-making?

  1. It uses a first-person narrator throughout
  2. It exposes its own devices, reminding readers the world is constructed Correct answer.
  3. It is set in the future
  4. It describes a world without any characters

Explanation

Metafiction foregrounds the constructedness of the world by drawing attention to its own techniques and artificiality. This invites readers to reflect on how worlds are made rather than only what happens within them.

Question 17Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A student writes: 'The novel's world is realistic because it mentions real streets.' What is the main weakness of this reasoning?

  1. Real streets are never used in literary texts
  2. Streets are irrelevant to all literary worlds
  3. Realism is impossible in prose fiction
  4. Verisimilitude depends on consistent internal logic and craft, not merely real-world references Correct answer.

Explanation

Citing real names confuses factual reference with verisimilitude, which is produced by coherent internal logic and convincing detail. Strong analysis explains how techniques create the impression of reality.

Question 18Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

Two texts depict the same historical event but construct very different worlds. What does this comparison best demonstrate?

  1. That both texts describe identical values
  2. That history cannot be written about in fiction
  3. That representation involves selection and perspective rather than neutral transcription Correct answer.
  4. That one text must be factually wrong

Explanation

Differing representations of one event reveal that worlds are shaped by selection, emphasis and perspective. Comparison exposes the constructed nature of each account.

Question 19Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

Which feature most clearly marks a literary world as magical realist rather than high fantasy?

  1. A quest structured around a prophecy
  2. An entirely invented secondary world with its own cosmology
  3. Impossible events are treated as ordinary within an otherwise recognisable world Correct answer.
  4. A pantheon of gods who intervene in battle

Explanation

Magical realism integrates impossible events into a mundane setting and treats them as unremarkable. High fantasy instead builds a wholly secondary world with its own rules and mythology.

Question 20Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

An essay claims a text's world 'resists the reader's desire for mastery'. Which evidence would best support this claim?

  1. The text withholds explanation and multiplies contradictory accounts of events Correct answer.
  2. The text provides a clear map and glossary of its world
  3. The text resolves all conflicts in its final chapter
  4. The text names every character's motive explicitly

Explanation

Withholding explanation and offering contradictions frustrate the reader's attempt to fully comprehend the world. Such devices construct opacity as a deliberate effect.

Question 21Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A novel narrates a society's history through objects in a museum. What is the most sophisticated reading of this structure?

  1. The world is proven to be historically accurate
  2. The world is constructed through curated fragments, making memory itself an ideological act Correct answer.
  3. The world has no relationship to time
  4. The world is unimportant compared with the objects

Explanation

Framing history through curated objects foregrounds selection and arrangement, so the world emerges as an ideological construction of memory. The structure invites scrutiny of how the past is displayed.

Question 22Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

Which statement best captures how a text's world can critique the reader's own reality?

  1. By estranging familiar assumptions, the text makes them visible and open to question Correct answer.
  2. By insisting that fiction has no bearing on reality
  3. By repeating the reader's assumptions so they feel confirmed
  4. By avoiding any depiction of social structures

Explanation

Estrangement defamiliarises everyday assumptions, allowing readers to perceive them as constructed and contestable. Critique occurs through this shift in perception rather than direct instruction.

Question 23Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A text presents a perfectly ordered world whose language contains no word for 'doubt'. What does this detail most powerfully suggest?

  1. The world's order depends on linguistic constraint that shapes what can be thought Correct answer.
  2. The world is technologically advanced
  3. The characters are unusually honest
  4. The author dislikes vocabulary

Explanation

Removing a concept from a world's language implies that thought itself is bounded by available discourse. Order is maintained through constraint rather than consent.

Question 24Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

Two critics disagree about whether a text's world is 'hopeful'. Which response best reflects sophisticated module thinking?

  1. Only one critic can be right because texts have single fixed meanings
  2. The disagreement proves the text is badly written
  3. The disagreement is irrelevant because worlds are purely personal
  4. Both readings may be valid because the world is constructed through ambiguity that sustains multiple interpretations Correct answer.

Explanation

Texts can construct worlds with deliberate ambiguity that supports multiple defensible readings. Evaluation should weigh evidence and interpretive frameworks rather than assume a single fixed meaning.

Question 25Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A text builds its world almost entirely through dialogue, with no descriptive passages. What is the most significant consequence for representation?

  1. Social relations and voice become the primary medium through which the world is known Correct answer.
  2. The text ceases to construct a world at all
  3. The setting becomes more vivid than in descriptive texts
  4. The world becomes impossible to interpret

Explanation

When dialogue dominates, the world is disclosed through voice, idiom and interpersonal dynamics rather than description. Social texture becomes the principal means of representation.

Question 26Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

In the Common Module, what does the term 'literary world' most directly refer to?

  1. The physical setting named in the text's opening paragraph
  2. The historical period in which the author actually lived
  3. The author's personal opinions about society
  4. The constructed reality a text invites readers to inhabit and interpret Correct answer.

Explanation

The module treats a literary world as a construction: the values, assumptions, spaces and possibilities a text assembles and offers to readers. Setting is only one ingredient of that construction, not the whole concept.

Question 27Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

Which statement best describes how a text's world can be 'constructed' rather than simply recorded?

  1. It avoids description so readers can imagine freely
  2. It lists facts in the order they occurred
  3. It copies reality with photographic accuracy
  4. It selects, organises and shapes details according to implied values Correct answer.

Explanation

Construction involves selection and arrangement: what is included, omitted, foregrounded or repeated reveals implied values. Even realistic texts shape material rather than transcribing it.

Question 28Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A novel's narrator repeatedly calls a factory town 'the engine' and never names it. What does this naming choice most strongly suggest about the world?

  1. The town's geography is unimportant to the plot
  2. The world reduces its people to their economic function Correct answer.
  3. The narrator has forgotten the town's real name
  4. The text is set in a futuristic society

Explanation

A metonymic label that replaces a place name with an industrial function implies a world where economic role defines identity. The choice shapes how readers value the inhabitants.

Question 29Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

Which feature most reliably signals that a text's world is governed by unfamiliar physical laws?

  1. Characters speak in archaic dialect
  2. Events obey rules the text establishes and consistently applies Correct answer.
  3. The story is told in reverse chronological order
  4. The narrator addresses the reader directly

Explanation

A world's laws, however strange, become credible through internal consistency. Readers accept the impossible when the text applies its own rules reliably.

Question 30Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A text describes a city where every building is transparent. Which reading best explains the effect of this detail?

  1. It indicates the story is set in the future
  2. It constructs a world where privacy is structurally impossible Correct answer.
  3. It proves the society is technologically advanced
  4. It shows the author's interest in architecture

Explanation

Physical details in a constructed world carry social implications. Transparency as a building norm implies a society organised around visibility and surveillance.

Question 31Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

What is the most useful question to ask when analysing how a text represents its world?

  1. Does the world match the author's hometown?
  2. Whose perspective shapes the world and what does that perspective exclude? Correct answer.
  3. How many characters inhabit the world?
  4. How many pages does the world receive?

Explanation

Representation is always perspectival: a world is shown from somewhere, and that position determines what readers can see and what remains invisible. Asking about perspective and exclusion produces analysis rather than summary.

Question 32Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A text's world is presented entirely through official government documents. What is the most significant consequence for the reader?

  1. The reader receives a world filtered through institutional values and omissions Correct answer.
  2. The reader learns the world is democratic
  3. The reader is denied any access to the world
  4. The reader can trust every detail as objective

Explanation

Restricting narration to institutional documents makes bureaucracy the lens of the world, so readers see what the state records and notice what it silences. The form itself becomes an argument about power.

Question 33Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

Which sentence best uses 'world' in the module's analytical sense?

  1. The world of the novel is the year 1842
  2. The novel's world legitimises cruelty by treating it as ordinary Correct answer.
  3. The author travelled the world before writing
  4. The world of the text is 300 pages long

Explanation

The analytical sense treats a world as a system of values and assumptions that can be examined and judged. Describing a world as legitimising cruelty analyses its implied ethics.

Question 34Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A novel presents a society where citizens may choose any career but must accept the housing assigned to them. How does this detail construct the world's ideology?

  1. It demonstrates that housing is unimportant
  2. It reveals a system that pairs apparent choice with enforced conformity Correct answer.
  3. It proves the society is economically equal
  4. It shows the society values freedom without qualification

Explanation

Combining freedom in one domain with compulsion in another constructs an ideology of managed choice. The contradiction is the point: the world grants autonomy selectively.

Question 35Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

Two characters describe the same forest: one as sanctuary, one as prison. What does this divergence most effectively demonstrate about the text's world?

  1. The forest changes physically between scenes
  2. One character must be lying
  3. The world is experienced differently according to position and history Correct answer.
  4. The forest is poorly described

Explanation

Conflicting descriptions reveal that a world is mediated by experience and standpoint rather than existing as neutral fact. The text constructs meaning through competing perceptions.

Question 36Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A text uses footnotes by a fictional historian to comment on its own narrative. What is the most sophisticated reading of this device?

  1. It constructs a world where history and story compete for authority Correct answer.
  2. It shows the author could not decide on a form
  3. It proves the narrative is historically accurate
  4. It indicates the text is unfinished

Explanation

Fictional scholarly apparatus stages a contest between archival authority and narrative invention. The world is built as a site of competing claims to truth.

Question 37Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A poem describes a border region as 'neither country, always weather'. Which reading best captures how the world is constructed?

  1. The region is defined by its uncertainty and transitional status Correct answer.
  2. The region has no inhabitants
  3. The poem rejects the idea of place
  4. The poem is mainly about meteorology

Explanation

The phrase constructs a world defined by indeterminacy: belonging to neither side, subject to forces beyond control. Uncertainty becomes the organising principle of the place.

Question 38Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A short story gives its invented world no proper nouns, only descriptions like 'the woman who keeps the water'. What is the most significant effect?

  1. The story is set before language existed
  2. The world feels generic and forgettable
  3. The author lacks vocabulary
  4. The world is defined by social roles rather than individual identities Correct answer.

Explanation

Replacing names with functional descriptions makes role, not individuality, the organising principle of the world. Identity becomes relational and social.

Question 39Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A novel's world includes a ritual that readers find disturbing but characters treat as ordinary. What does this contrast most effectively produce?

  1. Critical distance that invites readers to examine their own norms Correct answer.
  2. Proof that the characters are immoral
  3. A gap the author forgot to explain
  4. Confusion about the plot's chronology

Explanation

When the text normalises what readers find shocking, the mismatch exposes the constructed nature of moral norms, including the reader's own. The world becomes an instrument of critique.

Question 40Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A text describes its world only through the inventories of a merchant's warehouse. Which claim best explains this representational strategy?

  1. The text rejects commerce as a theme
  2. The world is shown as a system of exchangeable goods and values Correct answer.
  3. The world has no human inhabitants
  4. The merchant is the story's hero

Explanation

Cataloguing goods constructs a world legible through trade: objects, origins and prices encode social relations. The inventory becomes a map of value.

Question 41Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A playwright conveys the world solely through stage directions describing light and sound. What is the most significant consequence for the audience?

  1. The play cannot be performed
  2. The world is historically inaccurate
  3. The play has no characters
  4. The world is built through atmosphere rather than dialogue Correct answer.

Explanation

When atmosphere carries the world, sensory design becomes the primary world-making instrument. Meaning is produced through mood and environment rather than speech.

Question 42Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A text presents a world where maps are redrawn every year by lottery. What does this detail most powerfully suggest?

  1. The world is geographically small
  2. Geography is stable but poorly recorded
  3. The society lacks cartographers
  4. Space is a political resource subject to arbitrary power Correct answer.

Explanation

Random redistribution of borders makes space contingent on authority, constructing a world where place is never secure. Geography becomes a vehicle for examining power.

Question 43Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A novel includes a character who suspects she is inside a story. How does this device affect the constructed world?

  1. It proves the author appears as a character
  2. It confirms the world is historically real
  3. It removes all narrative tension
  4. It makes the boundary between world and text an explicit theme Correct answer.

Explanation

A character's awareness of fictionality foregrounds the text's own making, turning the world into a subject of reflection. The boundary between reality and representation becomes the text's concern.

Question 44Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

An essay argues a text's world 'naturalises hierarchy'. Which evidence would best support this claim?

  1. The text describes a mountain in detail
  2. The author was born into an aristocratic family
  3. Characters accept rank as self-evident and the narration never questions it Correct answer.
  4. The novel was published in the nineteenth century

Explanation

Naturalisation occurs when a world presents hierarchy as obvious and unquestioned by narration or character. Evidence must show the text treating rank as given rather than debated.

Question 45Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A text juxtaposes a meticulously realistic suburb with a single impossible event. What is the most defensible reading of this construction?

  1. The realism makes the impossible event disturbingly credible Correct answer.
  2. The text failed to maintain consistency
  3. The suburb is secretly imaginary
  4. The impossible event should be ignored

Explanation

Grounding the fantastic in precise realism is a hallmark of magical realism: the ordinary lends weight to the extraordinary. The contrast produces unease rather than confusion.

Question 46Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A text's world is described as 'complete', yet every chapter ends before a decision is made. How should this tension be interpreted?

  1. The chapters are unrelated
  2. The author ran out of ideas
  3. The world's completeness is asserted by ideology while narrative form reveals its gaps Correct answer.
  4. The decisions are unimportant

Explanation

A gap between what a world claims about itself and what its form shows is analytically productive. The text stages the difference between ideology and narrative reality.

Question 47Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

Two critics read the same world as nostalgic and as satirical. What is the most sophisticated response?

  1. The text is simply ambiguous and cannot be analysed
  2. One critic must have misread the text
  3. Nostalgia always overrides satire
  4. Both readings can be sustained by different textual features, revealing the world's instability Correct answer.

Explanation

Sustained disagreement often signals a world built to hold contradictory impulses. Analysing which features support each reading demonstrates sophisticated engagement with textual complexity.

Question 48Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A text describes its world through the testimony of unreliable witnesses who contradict each other. What is the most significant effect on the reader's relation to that world?

  1. The reader is given the author's final judgement
  2. The reader is told the world is fictional
  3. The reader must construct the world actively from competing accounts Correct answer.
  4. The reader receives a stable world with occasional errors

Explanation

Contradictory testimony denies readers a single authoritative version, making them assemble the world themselves. The world becomes a process of interpretation rather than a given object.

Question 49Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A world is built around an archive that grows each time a character remembers. What does this construction most powerfully explore?

  1. The reliability of digital storage
  2. The entanglement of memory, record and the making of a world Correct answer.
  3. The inefficiency of bureaucracy
  4. The difference between past and present tense

Explanation

When memory alters the archive, the world is shown to be continuously remade by acts of recollection. The text interrogates how records constitute rather than merely preserve reality.

Question 50Common Module: Literary Worlds - analysis of how texts construct and represent worlds

A text offers readers no stable vantage point, shifting narrative location with every paragraph. What is the most defensible reading of this world?

  1. The author is imitating film technique
  2. The world is constructed as plural and resistant to a single perspective Correct answer.
  3. The world is incoherent and therefore unreadable
  4. The world has no setting at all

Explanation

Refusing a stable vantage point constructs a world that cannot be mastered from one position. Plurality becomes a structural principle rather than a failure of coherence.