Earth and Space Science
Core concepts to master
Earth and space science connects the planet's systems with the wider solar system. You should understand Earth's layered interior, plate tectonics, and how plate boundaries produce earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain ranges. Know the rock cycle and the three rock types (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic), plus how weathering and erosion reshape landforms. Understand the water cycle, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff, and how the atmosphere and oceans influence climate. Be able to explain the causes of seasons (Earth's axial tilt as it orbits the Sun), day and night (rotation), and the Moon's phases and eclipses. Know the order of the planets, the difference between inner and outer planets, and the role of gravity in orbits. Recognize how the Sun's energy drives weather and how human activity affects climate.
Traps to watch for
Seasons are caused by axial tilt, not by distance from the Sun; this is a very common trap. Rotation causes day and night; revolution causes years. Earthquakes occur mainly at plate boundaries, not randomly. The rock cycle has no fixed starting point, so any rock type can transform into another. Eclipses require specific alignment of the Sun, Earth, and Moon.
Worked example and rule of thumb
If a region has warm, wet air rising and cooling, expect clouds and precipitation, because cooling air holds less water vapor. Rule of thumb: for any Earth system question, trace the flow of energy and matter; the Sun is the ultimate energy source for weather, climate, and most surface processes.