Applied Ethics: Bioethics, Environment, Technology and Justice
What you must understand
Applied ethics applies theory to concrete dilemmas. In bioethics, know the four principles (beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice) and debates over euthanasia, abortion, informed consent, genetic enhancement and resource allocation (triage, QALYs).
In environmental ethics, distinguish anthropocentrism, biocentrism and ecocentrism; understand intrinsic versus instrumental value, sustainability, the tragedy of the commons, intergenerational justice and climate responsibility. Consider whether future persons can hold rights.
In technology ethics, examine privacy, surveillance, algorithmic bias, autonomous weapons and AI accountability. Ask who bears responsibility when a system acts.
In justice and applied policy, connect to distributive justice (Rawls's difference principle, Nozick's entitlement, egalitarianism) and to liberty-limiting arguments.
Traps
Students often describe a dilemma without applying a stated theory; the question usually demands that you use a framework. Avoid assuming one principle always trumps others-autonomy, for example, may be constrained when it harms others. Don't conflate legal permissibility with moral permissibility. Watch for loaded terms ('designer babies', 'playing God') that smuggle in conclusions.
Worked example and rule of thumb
On euthanasia: a utilitarian may weigh suffering and preferences; a Kantian stresses autonomy and the duty not to use persons merely as means; a virtue ethicist asks what a compassionate, practically wise person would do. State the case, apply two theories, note tensions, then reach a reasoned, qualified judgement.
Rule of thumb: name the principle, apply it to the facts, and acknowledge a counter-principle.