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AWS Welding Procedure Qualifier study materials
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AWS Welding Procedure Qualifier practice questions

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Question 1Welding Procedure Qualification

Under AWS qualification rules, which party is responsible for preparing and certifying a Welding Procedure Specification before production welding begins?

  1. The manufacturer or contractor performing the work Correct answer.
  2. The third-party inspection agency
  3. The base metal distributor
  4. The welding electrode supplier

Explanation

The manufacturer or contractor that will perform production welding is responsible for developing the pWPS, qualifying it by test, and certifying the resulting WPS. Suppliers of filler metal, base metal, or inspection services may provide data but cannot certify the procedure for the fabricator. Responsibility stays with the organization whose welders will follow the document.

Question 2Welding Procedure Qualification

A Welding Procedure Qualification Record (PQR) primarily serves which purpose?

  1. It lists the welders employed on a specific project
  2. It records the daily production travel speed of each welder
  3. It certifies the chemical composition of incoming base metal
  4. It documents the actual variables and test results used to qualify a procedure Correct answer.

Explanation

The PQR is the objective evidence that a specific combination of essential variables was welded and tested successfully. It captures the actual ranges, consumables, positions, and mechanical test results obtained during qualification. The certified WPS is then written within the limits the PQR supports.

Question 3Welding Procedure Qualification

Which document tells the welder the specific ranges of amperage, voltage, and travel speed to use in production?

  1. The Welding Procedure Specification Correct answer.
  2. The Procedure Qualification Record
  3. The mill test report
  4. The welder performance certificate

Explanation

The WPS is the written instruction issued to production, stating the ranges of essential and nonessential variables the welder must follow. The PQR is the supporting test record, not a shop instruction. Performance certificates qualify individual welders, and mill reports describe base metal chemistry.

Question 4Welding Procedure Qualification

In AWS procedure qualification, variables that must be addressed in the WPS and that affect qualification are called what?

  1. Reference variables
  2. Essential variables Correct answer.
  3. Nonessential variables
  4. Supplementary variables

Explanation

Essential variables are the parameters that, if changed beyond the qualified range, require requalification of the procedure. Nonessential variables must still appear on the WPS but may be changed without requalifying. The distinction determines when a new PQR is needed.

Question 5Welding Procedure Qualification

A procedure is qualified in the flat position only. Which production position is supported by that qualification?

  1. All positions
  2. Flat, horizontal, and vertical positions
  3. Flat position only Correct answer.
  4. Flat and horizontal positions

Explanation

Position qualification follows the rule that a procedure tested in a less demanding position supports only that position or those expressly permitted by the code. Groove tests in the flat position generally do not extend to vertical or overhead work. Additional positions require separate qualification testing.

Question 6Welding Procedure Qualification

Which test is commonly required to evaluate the soundness of a completed groove weld during procedure qualification?

  1. Radiographic examination or bend testing Correct answer.
  2. Macroetch of the base metal only
  3. Hardness survey of the heat-affected zone
  4. Charpy impact testing of the base metal

Explanation

Procedure qualification typically requires mechanical testing such as guided bend tests, and often radiographic or other volumetric examination, to show the weld is sound and ductile. Bend tests reveal fusion defects and ductility problems. Hardness surveys and base-metal impact tests address different concerns.

Question 7Welding Procedure Qualification

What does a welder performance qualification test evaluate?

  1. The suitability of a welding procedure for a joint design
  2. The accuracy of the welding machine calibration
  3. The ability of an individual welder to produce sound welds Correct answer.
  4. The mechanical properties of the base metal

Explanation

Performance qualification tests the skill of the individual welder using an already qualified procedure. Procedure qualification, by contrast, establishes whether the welding parameters themselves produce sound welds. The two records are separate and serve different purposes.

Question 8Welding Procedure Qualification

When a qualified procedure is revised within the limits of a nonessential variable, what is generally required?

  1. All welders must be retested
  2. The WPS may be revised without requalification Correct answer.
  3. The revision must be approved by the base metal supplier
  4. A completely new PQR must be produced

Explanation

Changes to nonessential variables do not affect the validity of the qualification and may be made by revising the WPS. Only changes to essential variables, beyond permitted ranges, require a new qualification test. The revision should still be documented and approved internally.

Question 9Welding Procedure Qualification

A procedure qualified with E7018 electrode is to be produced with E6010. What does this change typically require?

  1. No action because both are covered electrodes
  2. Requalification because the filler metal classification is an essential variable Correct answer.
  3. Only a revision of the travel speed range
  4. Only a welder retest with the new electrode

Explanation

A change from one filler metal classification to another generally constitutes a change in an essential variable and requires requalification. The two electrodes differ in hydrogen content, slag system, and mechanical properties. Welder retesting alone does not establish that the procedure produces sound welds with the new consumable.

Question 10Welding Procedure Qualification

Why is preheat treated as an essential variable in many AWS procedure qualifications?

  1. It controls cooling rate and hydrogen effects that influence weld soundness Correct answer.
  2. It determines the color of the finished weld bead
  3. It fixes the maximum thickness of the test coupon
  4. It sets the required travel angle for the welder

Explanation

Preheat and interpass temperature control how quickly the weld cools, which affects hardness, cracking susceptibility, and hydrogen retention. Significant reductions in preheat can produce unacceptable welds, so the qualified minimum must be respected. This is why preheat ranges are recorded and controlled.

Question 11Welding Procedure Qualification

A qualification test coupon is welded at a given thickness. Increasing production thickness beyond the qualified range generally requires what action?

  1. Additional qualification testing to cover the greater thickness Correct answer.
  2. Only a change in the welding position
  3. Only recalibration of the welding machine
  4. No action because thickness is nonessential

Explanation

Base metal thickness is an essential variable because thicker sections change heat flow, restraint, and the risk of incomplete fusion. Exceeding the qualified thickness range therefore calls for additional testing. Position and machine calibration do not address the thickness change.

Question 12Welding Procedure Qualification

What is the role of the test coupon in procedure qualification?

  1. It is welded using the proposed procedure and then subjected to destructive testing Correct answer.
  2. It is the finished production part inspected by the engineer
  3. It is used only to train welders before production
  4. It is a sample of the base metal retained for the customer

Explanation

The test coupon is welded under the proposed conditions and then sectioned for bend, tensile, or other tests. Those results demonstrate whether the procedure is capable of producing sound welds. The coupon is a qualification artifact, not a training aid or production part.

Question 13Welding Procedure Qualification

Which condition most clearly indicates that a new procedure qualification is needed for an existing qualified WPS?

  1. Adjusting the amperage within the qualified range
  2. Reordering the sequence of nonessential variables on the form
  3. Changing from single-pass to multiple-pass welding in the qualified joint Correct answer.
  4. Changing the welder assigned to the job

Explanation

The number of passes is generally an essential variable because multiple passes alter heat input and tempering of prior passes. Moving from single-pass to multi-pass, or the reverse, therefore requires requalification. Adjustments within the qualified amperage range and welder changes do not.

Question 14Welding Procedure Qualification

A fabricator wants to weld a dissimilar base metal combination not covered by the existing PQR. What is the appropriate course of action?

  1. Increase preheat and proceed without documentation
  2. Ask the welder to demonstrate the joint informally
  3. Qualify a new procedure for the specific combination Correct answer.
  4. Use the existing PQR because both metals are steel

Explanation

Changing the base metal combination is an essential variable because dissimilar metals can produce different dilution, cracking, and property outcomes. A new qualification is required for the specific combination. Informal demonstrations and undocumented preheat increases do not satisfy qualification requirements.

Question 15Welding Procedure Qualification

During qualification, a tensile test specimen fails in the weld metal below the specified minimum. What is the correct interpretation?

  1. The procedure has not demonstrated acceptable strength and fails qualification Correct answer.
  2. The specimen should be retested until it passes
  3. The test is acceptable because failure occurred in the weld
  4. The result is ignored if bend tests passed

Explanation

A tensile specimen that fails below the required strength in the weld metal shows the procedure cannot reliably deliver the specified properties. That constitutes a qualification failure requiring corrective action and retesting. Repeated retesting to obtain a pass without correcting the cause is not acceptable.

Question 16Welding Procedure Qualification

How should the essential variable ranges recorded in a PQR relate to the WPS issued for production?

  1. The WPS may exceed the PQR ranges if approved by a supervisor
  2. The WPS ranges are unrelated to the PQR
  3. The WPS ranges must fall within the ranges supported by the PQR Correct answer.
  4. The WPS must list only single fixed values

Explanation

The PQR establishes the envelope of variables proven by testing, and the WPS must be written inside that envelope. Exceeding the qualified ranges would mean production is not supported by test evidence. Supervisor approval cannot substitute for qualification.

Question 17Welding Procedure Qualification

Which statement best describes the purpose of qualifying a welding procedure before production?

  1. To prove the procedure can consistently produce welds meeting required properties Correct answer.
  2. To reduce the number of welders needed on the project
  3. To replace the base metal mill certificate
  4. To eliminate the need for visual inspection of production welds

Explanation

Procedure qualification demonstrates, through controlled testing, that the chosen variables produce welds with the required mechanical properties and soundness. It supports consistent production quality but does not remove inspection or material verification duties. Those remain separate quality functions.

Question 18Welding Procedure Qualification

A procedure qualified with a backing strip is to be used without backing. How should this change be treated?

  1. As a welder technique issue only
  2. As a change permitted if preheat is raised
  3. As a nonessential change requiring only a note
  4. As an essential change requiring requalification Correct answer.

Explanation

The presence or removal of backing affects root fusion, penetration, and defect risk, so it is treated as an essential variable. Welding without backing after qualifying with it therefore requires new qualification. A note on the WPS or increased preheat does not establish root soundness.

Question 19Welding Procedure Qualification

What is the significance of interpass temperature in procedure qualification?

  1. It is recorded only for cosmetic documentation
  2. It sets the minimum base metal thickness
  3. It is controlled to avoid excessive heat input and degraded properties Correct answer.
  4. It determines the welder's travel angle

Explanation

Interpass temperature limits how much heat accumulates in the joint, which influences cooling rate, toughness, and distortion. Exceeding the qualified maximum can degrade properties, so it is controlled during both testing and production. It is not a cosmetic or geometric variable.

Question 20Welding Procedure Qualification

A qualification uses a single welding process. Production wishes to add a second process in the same joint. What is generally required?

  1. Only a welder retest for the second process
  2. Qualification of the combined process procedure Correct answer.
  3. No change because each process is separately common
  4. Only a revision of the joint preparation

Explanation

Combining processes in one joint changes heat input, dilution, and pass structure, so the combination must be qualified as used. Individual familiarity with each process does not establish the combined result. Joint preparation changes do not address the process combination.

Question 21Welding Procedure Qualification

A PQR shows bend test specimens with unacceptable open defects in the weld region. What does this most likely indicate?

  1. The bend test apparatus was improperly calibrated
  2. The base metal certificate was missing
  3. The welder's certificate had expired
  4. The procedure produced welds with inadequate fusion or soundness Correct answer.

Explanation

Open defects revealed by bend testing point to lack of fusion, incomplete penetration, or slag entrapment in the weld. These are procedure or technique deficiencies that must be corrected before requalification. Equipment calibration, paperwork, and certificate status do not explain weld defects.

Question 22Welding Procedure Qualification

Which situation best illustrates that a change is nonessential and does not require requalification?

  1. Adjusting the electrode angle within the qualified range Correct answer.
  2. Switching from direct current to alternating current
  3. Changing the base metal from carbon steel to stainless steel
  4. Removing preheat entirely

Explanation

Electrode angle is a technique detail that does not alter the metallurgical outcome established by the PQR, so it can be adjusted without requalification. Base metal type, current type, and preheat are essential variables whose changes affect weld properties. Those changes require new testing.

Question 23Welding Procedure Qualification

An existing qualified procedure is supported by a PQR that cannot be located during an audit. What is the most appropriate conclusion?

  1. The base metal certificates can substitute for the PQR
  2. The procedure lacks traceable qualification evidence and must be re-established Correct answer.
  3. The welders' certificates can substitute for the PQR
  4. The procedure remains fully valid because the WPS exists

Explanation

The PQR is the traceable evidence supporting the WPS; without it, the qualification cannot be demonstrated to an auditor or client. The procedure must be requalified or the record reconstructed from valid retained documentation. Welder and material certificates address different requirements.

Question 24Welding Procedure Qualification

A procedure qualified in the vertical-up progression is proposed for vertical-down production. How should this be handled?

  1. Proceed because both are vertical positions
  2. Requalify because progression direction is an essential variable Correct answer.
  3. Proceed after a welder practice session
  4. Proceed if the amperage is reduced

Explanation

Direction of progression strongly affects penetration, slag control, and heat input, so it is treated as an essential variable. Vertical-down welding is not covered by a vertical-up qualification. Practice sessions or amperage adjustments do not provide qualification evidence.

Question 25Welding Procedure Qualification

What is the most defensible reason to retain qualification records for the life of the work?

  1. They provide traceable evidence that production welding is supported by qualified procedures Correct answer.
  2. They allow welders to skip performance qualification
  3. They replace the need for in-process inspection
  4. They are required only to satisfy the welding supplier

Explanation

Retained WPS, PQR, and related records let an auditor or client verify that the procedures used in production were properly qualified. They support traceability and quality assurance throughout the project. They do not replace inspection or welder qualification.

Question 26Welding Procedure Qualification

In AWS procedure qualification, which document type records the actual values of variables used to produce and test a qualification coupon?

  1. Welder performance certificate
  2. Welding procedure specification (WPS)
  3. Procedure qualification record (PQR) Correct answer.
  4. Inspector's daily report

Explanation

The PQR is the historical record of what was actually done during qualification, including the essential variable values and the results of mechanical tests. The WPS is the production instruction derived from that record, not the record of the test itself.

Question 27Welding Procedure Qualification

Which mechanical test is used in AWS procedure qualification to assess ductility and fusion of a groove weld by bending the specimen?

  1. Guided bend test Correct answer.
  2. Hardness survey
  3. Charpy impact test
  4. Macroetch test

Explanation

The guided bend test bends a specimen over a prescribed radius to reveal lack of fusion, porosity, and other defects on the tension surface. It is a standard soundness and ductility check for groove weld procedure qualification.

Question 28Welding Procedure Qualification

Which position designation describes a groove weld made with the axis of the weld vertical and the welding progressing upward?

  1. 1G
  2. 4G
  3. 3G Correct answer.
  4. 2G

Explanation

In the AWS position numbering for groove welds, 3G denotes the vertical position, and the progression may be upward or downward as recorded. 1G is flat, 2G is horizontal, and 4G is overhead.

Question 29Welding Procedure Qualification

What is the primary purpose of preheat in a welding procedure?

  1. To eliminate the need for post-weld heat treatment
  2. To increase deposition rate
  3. To slow the cooling rate and reduce cracking risk Correct answer.
  4. To reduce the amount of filler metal required

Explanation

Preheat raises the base metal temperature before welding, which slows cooling and allows hydrogen to escape while reducing hardening and restraint stresses. This lowers the risk of cracking in susceptible steels.

Question 30Welding Procedure Qualification

In AWS qualification terminology, a variable that must be addressed in the WPS but whose change does not require requalification is called what?

  1. Performance variable
  2. Supplementary essential variable
  3. Essential variable
  4. Nonessential variable Correct answer.

Explanation

Nonessential variables must appear in the WPS but may be changed without requalifying the procedure, provided the WPS is revised. Essential variables, by contrast, require requalification when changed beyond specified limits.

Question 31Welding Procedure Qualification

Which organization publishes the AWS structural welding code that governs procedure qualification for steel structures?

  1. AWS D9.1
  2. AWS D1.1 Correct answer.
  3. AWS D1.6
  4. AWS A5.1

Explanation

AWS D1.1 is the Structural Welding Code for Steel and contains the qualification requirements for welding procedures and personnel in structural steel work. The other documents address different materials or filler metal specifications.

Question 32Welding Procedure Qualification

What does the essential variable of base metal thickness control in a qualified procedure?

  1. The brand of welding machine permitted
  2. The number of welders allowed on a joint
  3. The range of thicknesses the procedure may be used on Correct answer.
  4. The color of the finished weld

Explanation

Base metal thickness is an essential variable because heat input, cooling rate, and joint restraint change with thickness. The qualified range therefore limits the production thicknesses the procedure may cover.

Question 33Welding Procedure Qualification

Which record must a fabricator be able to produce to demonstrate that a WPS is supported by actual test results?

  1. The supporting PQR Correct answer.
  2. The equipment calibration sheet
  3. The welder's training log
  4. Purchase order for the filler metal

Explanation

A WPS must be supported by a PQR that documents the qualification tests and their results. Without the PQR, there is no objective evidence that the procedure was ever qualified.

Question 34Welding Procedure Qualification

A procedure was qualified with a base metal thickness of 3/8 in (10 mm). Production requires welding 3/4 in (19 mm) material. What is the most appropriate action?

  1. Proceed because thickness is a nonessential variable
  2. Require requalification or confirm the code's qualified thickness range covers 3/4 in Correct answer.
  3. Proceed if the welder is qualified for the thicker material
  4. Reduce the amperage to compensate for the thicker section

Explanation

Base metal thickness is an essential variable, so increasing it beyond the qualified range generally requires a new qualification. The code's specific thickness rules must be checked, since some codes allow a qualified range based on the test coupon thickness.

Question 35Welding Procedure Qualification

During qualification, a tensile specimen breaks in the base metal and the measured strength exceeds the specified minimum. How should this result be treated?

  1. The test is invalid and the coupon must be rewelded at higher heat input
  2. The test must be rejected because the break was not in the weld
  3. The test is acceptable because failure occurred outside the weld Correct answer.
  4. The result is acceptable only if a bend test also fails

Explanation

When a tensile specimen breaks in the base metal and the strength meets or exceeds the specified minimum, the test is generally considered acceptable because the weld proved stronger than the base metal. The location of failure is assessed together with the recorded strength.

Question 36Welding Procedure Qualification

A procedure qualified using the shielded metal arc welding process is proposed for production with flux cored arc welding. How should this process change be handled?

  1. It requires requalification because the process is an essential variable Correct answer.
  2. It may be applied under the existing WPS without change
  3. It requires only a notation in the daily inspection report
  4. It is permitted if the same electrode classification is used

Explanation

A change in welding process is an essential variable in AWS procedure qualification because each process has distinct heat input, shielding, and metallurgical effects. A new procedure qualification is required before the WPS can cover the new process.

Question 37Welding Procedure Qualification

Which condition would require a new procedure qualification even though the existing PQR remains on file?

  1. Changing from a single-pass to a multiple-pass technique where the code lists it as essential Correct answer.
  2. Changing the manufacturer of the welding machine
  3. Changing the welder's name on the WPS
  4. Changing the color coding of the electrode storage cabinet

Explanation

Pass count or technique can be an essential variable because it affects heat input and the resulting microstructure. When the code lists such a change as essential, a new qualification is required.

Question 38Welding Procedure Qualification

What is the role of the welding procedure specification in production?

  1. It provides the qualified instructions the welder must follow Correct answer.
  2. It lists the inspection personnel assigned to the project
  3. It certifies the individual welder's skill
  4. It records the results of the qualification tests

Explanation

The WPS translates the qualified procedure into instructions for production, covering variables such as process, filler metal, preheat, and parameters. Welders follow the WPS, while the PQR supplies the supporting test evidence.

Question 39Welding Procedure Qualification

A qualification coupon is welded with a backing strip that is later removed. How does this affect the qualified range?

  1. It automatically qualifies both backing and no-backing conditions
  2. It may limit the procedure to joints with removable backing Correct answer.
  3. It requires requalification only if the base metal changes
  4. It has no effect because the backing was removed

Explanation

The presence or absence of backing is treated as an essential variable in many AWS qualifications because it changes root fusion and penetration behavior. Removing the backing after welding does not make the qualification equivalent to welding without backing.

Question 40Welding Procedure Qualification

Which practice best ensures that a PQR remains traceable to the production work it supports?

  1. Cross-referencing the WPS number on the PQR and retaining both together Correct answer.
  2. Storing the PQR in an unmarked folder at the job site
  3. Recording only the welder's initials on the coupon
  4. Relying on the inspector's memory of the test

Explanation

Traceability requires a clear cross-reference between the PQR and the WPS it supports, with both retained in a controlled record system. This allows an auditor to verify that each production procedure rests on documented qualification.

Question 41Welding Procedure Qualification

A procedure qualified for a groove weld is to be used for a fillet weld in the same material and thickness. How should this be evaluated?

  1. The groove qualification automatically covers all fillet welds
  2. A fillet weld always requires a separate bend test coupon
  3. The code's rules on fillet weld qualification from groove tests must be checked Correct answer.
  4. Fillet welds are exempt from procedure qualification entirely

Explanation

Many codes allow a groove weld qualification to cover certain fillet welds within stated limits, but the specific provisions must be verified. Fillet welds are not exempt from qualification, and the applicable rules determine whether additional testing is needed.

Question 42Welding Procedure Qualification

Which variable is typically classified as essential because it directly affects the chemistry and strength of the deposited weld metal?

  1. Cable length to the stinger
  2. Shop lighting level
  3. Filler metal classification Correct answer.
  4. Welding machine model

Explanation

Filler metal classification is an essential variable because the electrode or wire composition determines the deposited weld's chemistry and mechanical properties. Substituting a different classification generally requires requalification.

Question 43Welding Procedure Qualification

An existing WPS lists a preheat of 200 F (93 C), but production proposes to weld at 50 F (10 C) without any other change. What is the correct response?

  1. Do not proceed without requalification or code approval, because preheat is essential Correct answer.
  2. Proceed because preheat is nonessential
  3. Proceed if the welder uses a larger electrode
  4. Proceed if the ambient humidity is low

Explanation

Preheat is an essential variable in most AWS procedure qualifications because lowering it raises the risk of hydrogen-assisted cracking and hard zone formation. Reducing preheat below the qualified value therefore requires requalification or specific code approval.

Question 44Welding Procedure Qualification

Which test would best evaluate whether a qualification weld has adequate notch toughness at a specified service temperature?

  1. Tensile test
  2. Charpy V-notch impact test Correct answer.
  3. Guided bend test
  4. Visual inspection

Explanation

The Charpy V-notch impact test measures the energy absorbed by a notched specimen at a specified temperature, directly indicating notch toughness. It is required when the code specifies toughness testing for the application.

Question 45Welding Procedure Qualification

A fabricator wants to change the joint design from a single-V groove to a double-V groove on the same thickness. What determines whether requalification is needed?

  1. Whether the inspector prefers the new design
  2. Whether the new design uses more filler metal
  3. Whether the welder has previously welded a double-V joint
  4. Whether joint design is classified as essential under the applicable code Correct answer.

Explanation

Joint design may be essential or nonessential depending on the code and the specific change. The applicable qualification rules must be consulted to determine whether the change in groove type requires new testing.

Question 46Welding Procedure Qualification

What is the significance of recording the welding current and voltage range on the WPS?

  1. They document the welder's hourly wage
  2. They replace the need for a PQR
  3. They specify the required inspection frequency
  4. They define the operating window that keeps heat input within qualified limits Correct answer.

Explanation

Current and voltage, together with travel speed, determine heat input and therefore affect the weld's mechanical properties. Recording qualified ranges on the WPS keeps production welding within the envelope demonstrated by the PQR.

Question 47Welding Procedure Qualification

A procedure qualified in the flat position is proposed for vertical-up production welding. What is the appropriate conclusion?

  1. The flat qualification covers all positions automatically
  2. The change is acceptable if the base metal is the same
  3. The position change generally requires additional qualification Correct answer.
  4. The change is acceptable if the welder is certified

Explanation

Welding position is an essential variable because vertical and overhead work impose different heat input, puddle control, and defect risks. A qualification performed only in the flat position does not normally extend to vertical-up production.

Question 48Welding Procedure Qualification

Which situation most clearly demonstrates that a supplementary essential variable has been triggered?

  1. The project shortens the delivery schedule
  2. The project requires a larger fillet size
  3. The project specifies notch toughness requirements for the weld Correct answer.
  4. The project uses a different inspection agency

Explanation

Supplementary essential variables apply only when the application demands additional properties such as notch toughness. When toughness testing is specified, changes to variables like heat input or pass thickness become qualifying issues.

Question 49Welding Procedure Qualification

During qualification testing, bend specimens show a small amount of porosity that exceeds the code's acceptance limits. What is the most appropriate conclusion?

  1. The qualification fails and the cause must be corrected before retesting Correct answer.
  2. The procedure is qualified if the welder is requalified
  3. The procedure is qualified because the tensile test passed
  4. The porosity is acceptable if it is less than one-eighth inch

Explanation

All required tests must meet the code's acceptance criteria for the procedure to be qualified. Bend specimens exceeding the porosity limits indicate a soundness problem that must be diagnosed and corrected before a new coupon is tested.

Question 50Welding Procedure Qualification

Why does heat input deserve careful control in a procedure qualified for a quenched and tempered steel?

  1. Heat input determines the electrode storage temperature
  2. Heat input sets the required preheat for aluminum
  3. Heat input controls the color of the finished weld
  4. Excessive heat input can degrade the heat-affected zone properties Correct answer.

Explanation

Quenched and tempered steels are sensitive to thermal cycles, and excessive heat input can soften or embrittle the heat-affected zone. Qualification therefore establishes a heat input range that preserves the required mechanical properties.