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Arizona CDL General Knowledge study materials
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Arizona CDL General Knowledge practice questions

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Question 1Driving Safely

Before driving a commercial vehicle, you should check the cargo securement and the coupling system. Which of these is also part of a proper pre-trip inspection?

  1. Adjusting the seat lumbar support
  2. Testing the air horn volume
  3. Confirming the radio presets are set
  4. Checking the engine oil and coolant levels Correct answer.

Explanation

A pre-trip inspection covers the mechanical systems that affect safe operation, including fluid levels such as engine oil and coolant. Fluids that are low can cause breakdowns or overheating while underway. Convenience and comfort settings are not safety inspection items.

Question 2Driving Safely

When you must stop on a hill, which method best prevents the vehicle from rolling?

  1. Relying on the trailer brakes alone
  2. Leaving the transmission in neutral with the engine off
  3. Holding the vehicle with the clutch only
  4. Setting the parking brake and turning the wheels toward the curb Correct answer.

Explanation

On a grade, the parking brake plus proper wheel positioning provides a backup if the brake fails. Turning the front wheels toward the curb lets the curb stop the vehicle if it rolls. Neutral with the engine off removes engine braking and is unsafe.

Question 3Driving Safely

What is the purpose of using the proper following distance behind another vehicle?

  1. To allow enough time to stop if the vehicle ahead slows suddenly Correct answer.
  2. To keep other drivers from changing lanes in front of you
  3. To reduce fuel consumption on the highway
  4. To make it easier to read road signs ahead

Explanation

Following distance buys time to react and stop when traffic ahead slows or stops unexpectedly. Heavy vehicles need longer stopping distances, so the gap must grow with speed and load. Other benefits are incidental and not the reason for the rule.

Question 4Driving Safely

You are driving a loaded tractor-trailer at highway speed in heavy rain. What adjustment should you make to your following distance?

  1. Reduce it so other vehicles cannot cut in
  2. Reduce it to match the posted speed limit
  3. Increase it well beyond the normal dry-road gap Correct answer.
  4. Keep it exactly the same as on dry pavement

Explanation

Rain reduces tire traction and lengthens stopping distance, so the gap must be increased. A loaded combination already needs a long stopping distance, and wet pavement makes it longer. Reducing the gap removes the margin needed to react.

Question 5Driving Safely

When driving at night, when should you dim your high beams?

  1. Whenever you are on a divided highway
  2. Only when driving through a tunnel
  3. Only when it begins to rain
  4. When a vehicle approaches from the opposite direction or you follow another vehicle closely Correct answer.

Explanation

High beams must be dimmed when meeting oncoming traffic or following another vehicle closely, so you do not blind other drivers. Glare can cause a crash by temporarily blinding an approaching driver. Rain and tunnels are not the standard trigger for dimming.

Question 6Driving Safely

You are driving a vehicle with air brakes and notice the low air pressure warning comes on. What should you do?

  1. Continue to the next scheduled stop and report it
  2. Stop as soon as it is safe and investigate before continuing Correct answer.
  3. Increase engine speed to build pressure while driving
  4. Switch off the warning and keep driving

Explanation

A low air pressure warning means the brakes may not have enough pressure to stop the vehicle. You should stop safely and find the cause before continuing. Driving on risks brake failure.

Question 7Driving Safely

What does the term 'hydroplaning' mean?

  1. The brakes become wet and grab unevenly
  2. The engine takes in water through the air intake
  3. Tires ride on a layer of water and lose contact with the road Correct answer.
  4. The trailer sways because of crosswinds

Explanation

Hydroplaning occurs when water builds up under the tires faster than the tread can channel it away, lifting the tires off the pavement. Steering and braking control are lost until speed drops. It is not a brake or engine condition.

Question 8Driving Safely

When you are being passed by another vehicle, what should you do?

  1. Move toward the center line to give more room
  2. Maintain your speed and position so the passing driver can complete the maneuver Correct answer.
  3. Speed up to shorten the time the other driver is alongside
  4. Sound the horn to warn the other driver

Explanation

Keeping a steady speed and lane position lets the passing driver judge the maneuver and complete it safely. Speeding up lengthens the time the passer is in the opposing lane or blind spot. Erratic movements create confusion.

Question 9Driving Safely

You are approaching a railroad crossing with no gates and limited visibility. What is the safest action?

  1. Stop on the tracks to check both directions
  2. Rely on the vehicle ahead to warn you of trains
  3. Speed up to cross quickly before a train arrives
  4. Slow down, look and listen, and cross only when you are sure no train is coming Correct answer.

Explanation

At a crossing without gates, you must slow down and use sight and hearing to confirm no train is approaching. Trains cannot stop quickly, so you must not enter the crossing until it is clear. Stopping on the tracks is dangerous.

Question 10Driving Safely

What is the correct way to handle a curve while driving a large vehicle?

  1. Downshift abruptly at the apex of the curve
  2. Brake hard while in the middle of the curve
  3. Slow down before the curve and accelerate gently after entering it Correct answer.
  4. Maintain highway speed through the curve

Explanation

Speed should be reduced before the curve because large vehicles are prone to rollover and off-tracking at speed. Gentle acceleration after entering helps maintain stability. Hard braking in a curve can cause a skid or rollover.

Question 11Driving Safely

When should you use the retarder on a long downgrade?

  1. Only when the trailer is empty
  2. Only after reaching the bottom of the grade
  3. Only after the service brakes begin to fade
  4. Before starting down the grade, so it can help control speed Correct answer.

Explanation

A retarder works best when engaged before the downgrade begins, helping hold a steady speed and reducing reliance on service brakes. Waiting until brakes fade means they are already overheated. Load weight does not determine retarder use.

Question 12Driving Safely

What is the primary danger of texting or using a handheld phone while driving?

  1. It takes your attention, eyes, and hands away from driving Correct answer.
  2. It interferes with the vehicle's GPS signal
  3. It increases engine wear
  4. It drains the vehicle battery faster

Explanation

Distracted driving removes mental attention, visual focus, and physical control from the driving task. Even a brief glance away at highway speed covers a long distance. The other listed effects are unrelated to crash risk.

Question 13Driving Safely

You are driving a combination vehicle and must make a right turn at a tight corner. What should you do?

  1. Accelerate through the turn to clear it quickly
  2. Turn from the far right lane without any setup
  3. Turn sharply to stay in the inside lane
  4. Swing wide to the left before turning to keep the trailer off the curb Correct answer.

Explanation

Large vehicles off-track, meaning the rear wheels follow a tighter path than the front wheels. Swinging wide before the turn helps keep the trailer clear of the curb and other objects. Sharp turns or speeding through corners cause curb strikes and rollovers.

Question 14Driving Safely

What is the safest response when a tire blows out at highway speed?

  1. Turn the wheel sharply to the right
  2. Accelerate to stabilize the vehicle
  3. Brake hard immediately and steer to the shoulder
  4. Hold the steering wheel firmly, keep the vehicle straight, and slow gradually Correct answer.

Explanation

A blowout causes a sudden pull, so the priority is a firm grip and keeping the vehicle straight while slowing gradually. Hard braking or sharp steering can cause a loss of control or rollover. Acceleration increases the risk.

Question 15Driving Safely

Why should you avoid driving through deep water on the road?

  1. Water always improves tire grip
  2. Water has no effect on a heavy vehicle
  3. Water can hide hazards and cause loss of braking or traction Correct answer.
  4. Water cools the brakes for better performance

Explanation

Flooded roads can hide washed-out pavement, debris, and depth changes, and water can reduce brake effectiveness and traction. Heavy vehicles can still be swept or stalled. Water does not improve grip or brake performance.

Question 16Driving Safely

When must you use your four-way flashers while driving?

  1. Only when parked in a lot
  2. Whenever you are on a highway
  3. Whenever it is raining lightly
  4. When you are moving slowly and may be a hazard to other traffic Correct answer.

Explanation

Four-way flashers warn other drivers when your vehicle is moving slowly enough to be a hazard, such as on a steep grade or when approaching a stop. They are not meant for normal highway travel or light rain.

Question 17Driving Safely

What does a flashing red traffic light mean?

  1. Yield only to vehicles on the right
  2. Proceed at normal speed
  3. Stop, then proceed when it is safe Correct answer.
  4. Slow down and proceed without stopping

Explanation

A flashing red signal is treated like a stop sign: come to a full stop and proceed only when the way is clear. It is not a yield or a caution-only signal. Proceeding without stopping is a violation.

Question 18Driving Safely

You are driving and the steering suddenly feels loose and unresponsive. What should you do?

  1. Continue at highway speed to the next exit
  2. Accelerate to test the steering response
  3. Brake hard and turn off the engine immediately
  4. Slow down gradually, pull off the road, and stop to check the steering Correct answer.

Explanation

Loose or unresponsive steering signals a mechanical problem that could lead to total loss of control. The safe response is to slow gradually and stop in a safe place. Continuing at speed or accelerating increases danger.

Question 19Driving Safely

How does alcohol affect a driver's ability to drive safely?

  1. It has no effect below the legal limit
  2. It increases alertness on long trips
  3. It improves night vision
  4. It slows reaction time and impairs judgment and coordination Correct answer.

Explanation

Alcohol is a depressant that slows reaction time and impairs judgment, coordination, and vision. Impairment begins below the legal limit, so any alcohol increases crash risk. It does not improve vision or alertness.

Question 20Driving Safely

You are driving in fog. Which lights should you use?

  1. Parking lights only
  2. High beams, to see farther ahead
  3. Low beams, because high beams reflect off the fog Correct answer.
  4. Hazard flashers while moving at speed

Explanation

In fog, high beams reflect off the moisture and reduce visibility, so low beams are the correct choice. They keep light aimed low and reduce glare back at the driver. Parking lights alone are insufficient.

Question 21Driving Safely

What is the purpose of a vehicle's engine brake or retarder on a long downgrade?

  1. To increase the vehicle's top speed
  2. To warm the brakes for better performance
  3. To improve fuel economy on uphill grades
  4. To help control speed without overusing the service brakes Correct answer.

Explanation

An engine brake or retarder uses engine or driveline resistance to slow the vehicle, reducing reliance on service brakes and preventing overheating. Overheated brakes lose stopping power. It does not increase speed or warm the brakes.

Question 22Driving Safely

When backing a large vehicle, what is the safest practice?

  1. Use a helper or spotter and check all mirrors before backing Correct answer.
  2. Back without checking behind if the area looks clear
  3. Rely only on the rearview camera
  4. Back quickly to reduce time in reverse

Explanation

Backing a large vehicle has major blind spots, so a spotter plus mirror checks is the safest method. Backing slowly gives time to react to hazards. Cameras help but do not cover every blind spot.

Question 23Driving Safely

You are driving a loaded truck and must stop on a steep downgrade. What should you do?

  1. Use the parking brake and place the transmission in a low gear Correct answer.
  2. Rely only on the service brakes
  3. Turn off the engine and coast
  4. Leave the transmission in neutral

Explanation

On a steep grade, the parking brake plus a low gear provides holding power and a backup. Neutral removes engine braking and lets the vehicle roll. Relying only on service brakes risks overheating and failure.

Question 24Driving Safely

What should you do if you are driving and begin to feel drowsy?

  1. Open a window and keep driving
  2. Turn up the radio and continue
  3. Drink coffee and drive faster to arrive sooner
  4. Stop in a safe place and rest before continuing Correct answer.

Explanation

Drowsiness impairs reaction time and judgment much like alcohol, and the only reliable remedy is rest. Fresh air, radio, or caffeine provide only brief relief and do not fix the impairment. Driving faster increases risk.

Question 25Driving Safely

You are driving a tractor-trailer and must change lanes on a busy highway. What is the safest sequence?

  1. Rely on the rearview mirror only
  2. Check mirrors, signal, check blind spots, then change lanes smoothly Correct answer.
  3. Change lanes without signaling if the lane looks clear
  4. Signal and change lanes immediately

Explanation

Lane changes require mirror checks, a signal to warn others, and a blind-spot check before moving. Large vehicles have significant blind spots, so a smooth, deliberate move is safest. Signaling is required even when the lane appears clear.

Question 26Driving Safely

What is the minimum following distance you should maintain behind the vehicle ahead when driving a commercial motor vehicle at speeds below 40 mph in ideal conditions?

  1. Four seconds at all speeds
  2. One car length for every 10 mph
  3. One second for every 10 feet of vehicle length Correct answer.
  4. Two seconds regardless of vehicle length

Explanation

The rule of thumb for speeds under 40 mph is one second of following distance for each 10 feet of vehicle length. A 60-foot combination vehicle therefore needs about six seconds of gap. Adding a safety margin for bad weather or heavy traffic is always wise.

Question 27Driving Safely

Under federal rules, when must a commercial driver's vehicle inspection report be prepared?

  1. Only before a long-haul trip begins
  2. Only when a defect is found during the trip
  3. Before driving and again at the completion of each day's work Correct answer.
  4. At the end of each day of driving

Explanation

Drivers must inspect their vehicle before driving and prepare a written report at the end of each day's work. The report lists any defects that could affect safety or lead to a breakdown. Carriers must review these reports and certify that repairs were made.

Question 28Driving Safely

You are driving a heavy truck and the road is covered with packed snow. How should you adjust your speed and following distance?

  1. Maintain normal following distance but slow slightly
  2. Reduce speed and increase following distance well beyond the normal gap Correct answer.
  3. Keep the normal speed but double the following distance
  4. Speed up to get off the slippery road sooner

Explanation

On packed snow, traction is reduced, so stopping distances grow and steering control is limited. You should slow down and leave a much larger gap than usual. Extra space gives you time to react without hard braking, which can cause a skid.

Question 29Driving Safely

Which of these is a sign that a driver may be too tired to continue driving safely?

  1. Comfortable cabin temperature
  2. Steady speed and lane position
  3. Frequent yawning and difficulty keeping eyes open Correct answer.
  4. Feeling alert after a short rest stop

Explanation

Yawning repeatedly, heavy eyelids, and trouble keeping your eyes open are classic warning signs of fatigue. These signals mean your alertness is dropping and your reaction time is worsening. The safe response is to stop and rest rather than push on.

Question 30Driving Safely

What is the proper way to use your mirrors when preparing to change lanes in a large vehicle?

  1. Rely on the rearview mirror inside the cab
  2. Glance quickly once and change lanes immediately
  3. Check both flat and convex mirrors, then confirm with a head check Correct answer.
  4. Check only the left mirror before moving

Explanation

Large vehicles have blind spots that mirrors alone cannot cover. You should check both flat and convex mirrors on the relevant side, then turn your head to verify the blind spot. Only after confirming the space is clear should you signal and move over.

Question 31Driving Safely

When driving at night, why should you avoid looking directly into the headlights of oncoming vehicles?

  1. It causes your own headlights to dim automatically
  2. It is illegal to look at oncoming traffic
  3. It can temporarily blind you and reduce your ability to see the road Correct answer.
  4. It makes your engine work harder

Explanation

Glare from oncoming headlights can momentarily overwhelm your vision, leaving you unable to see the lane or hazards. Instead, look toward the right edge of your lane and use it as a guide. This keeps you oriented without staring into the light source.

Question 32Driving Safely

You are driving a truck with a manual transmission down a long, steep grade. Which practice helps control your speed?

  1. Shift to neutral and rely on the brakes
  2. Apply the brakes hard and continuously
  3. Use a low gear and let the engine help slow the vehicle Correct answer.
  4. Press the clutch and coast

Explanation

Selecting a lower gear lets engine compression help hold your speed down the grade. This reduces reliance on the brakes and helps prevent them from overheating. Coasting in neutral removes that engine braking and is dangerous.

Question 33Driving Safely

What should you do if your vehicle starts to skid on an icy road?

  1. Brake hard and steer sharply
  2. Turn the wheel opposite to the skid and hold it
  3. Take your foot off the accelerator and steer in the direction you want to go Correct answer.
  4. Accelerate to regain traction

Explanation

When a skid begins, ease off the accelerator so the tires can regain grip. Steer smoothly in the direction you want the front of the vehicle to travel. Hard braking or abrupt steering usually makes the skid worse.

Question 34Driving Safely

How should you position your vehicle when driving through a work zone with narrowed lanes?

  1. Speed up to pass through quickly
  2. Straddle the lane line to keep options open
  3. Slow down and keep a steady position within your lane Correct answer.
  4. Move to the shoulder to give workers more room

Explanation

Work zones often have narrowed lanes, reduced speed limits, and workers close to traffic. Reduce speed and hold a steady position in your lane so other drivers can predict your movement. Sudden lane shifts or speeding through create hazards for everyone.

Question 35Driving Safely

You are driving a tank vehicle and feel the load shifting as you take a curve. What is the best response?

  1. Accelerate through the curve to stabilize it
  2. Brake firmly in the curve to settle the load
  3. Slow down smoothly before the curve and avoid abrupt steering Correct answer.
  4. Steer more sharply to exit the curve faster

Explanation

Liquid loads can surge and shift, raising the center of gravity and increasing rollover risk. The safest approach is to reduce speed gradually before entering the curve and make smooth steering inputs. Abrupt braking or steering inside a curve can trigger a rollover.

Question 36Driving Safely

What is the correct action when a front tire fails at highway speed?

  1. Brake hard immediately to stop quickly
  2. Hold the wheel firmly, keep the vehicle straight, and slow gradually Correct answer.
  3. Jerk the wheel toward the shoulder at once
  4. Release the accelerator and turn off the engine

Explanation

A front tire failure pulls the steering, so you must grip the wheel firmly and keep the vehicle traveling straight. Ease off the accelerator and let speed drop before gently moving off the road. Hard braking or sudden steering can cause a loss of control.

Question 37Driving Safely

You are driving a bus and a passenger stands up while the vehicle is moving. What should you do?

  1. Stop in the traffic lane immediately
  2. Continue at the same speed and ignore it
  3. Brake sharply so the passenger sits down
  4. Ask the passenger to be seated and continue only when it is safe Correct answer.

Explanation

Standing passengers are at risk of falling if the bus stops or turns suddenly. The driver should calmly ask the person to sit down and proceed only when it is safe to do so. Stopping abruptly in a travel lane creates a new hazard for following traffic.

Question 38Driving Safely

What does the term 'stopping distance' include for a commercial vehicle?

  1. The length of the vehicle plus its load
  2. Only the distance traveled while the brakes are applied
  3. Only the reaction time of the driver
  4. Perception distance, reaction distance, and braking distance Correct answer.

Explanation

Total stopping distance is the sum of three parts: perception distance, reaction distance, and braking distance. Perception and reaction together account for the distance covered before the brakes even engage. Braking distance then depends on speed, weight, and road conditions.

Question 39Driving Safely

Why is it dangerous to rely only on your mirrors when backing a large vehicle?

  1. Mirrors show a reversed image that cannot be used
  2. Mirrors can vibrate and leave large blind areas behind the vehicle Correct answer.
  3. Mirrors only work when the vehicle is stopped
  4. Mirrors are too small to be useful at all

Explanation

Mirrors on large vehicles can vibrate and do not cover the entire area behind and beside the vehicle. Blind spots can hide people, vehicles, or objects directly behind the trailer. A helper or spotter, or getting out to check, is the reliable way to back safely.

Question 40Driving Safely

You are driving a loaded combination vehicle and need to stop quickly on a dry road. What is the safest braking technique?

  1. Brake firmly and steadily while keeping the vehicle straight Correct answer.
  2. Downshift and use the parking brake
  3. Apply only the trailer brakes
  4. Pump the brakes rapidly to avoid a skid

Explanation

With air brakes on a dry surface, firm steady pressure delivers the shortest controlled stop. You should keep the steering straight so the tractor and trailer stay aligned. Rapid pumping or using only part of the system reduces braking effectiveness and can cause a jackknife.

Question 41Transporting Cargo Safely

Before a commercial motor vehicle begins a trip, federal rules require the cargo to be secured in what way?

  1. Held only by the tailgate or rear doors
  2. Fastened so it cannot shift or fall from the vehicle Correct answer.
  3. Resting against the cab wall for support
  4. Loose enough to settle during turns

Explanation

Cargo must be secured so it cannot shift, slide, or fall off the vehicle during normal driving, including turns, braking, and rough roads. The driver is responsible for checking the securement before driving and during the trip. Letting cargo rest against a wall or door is not an acceptable substitute for tiedown devices.

Question 42Transporting Cargo Safely

What is the minimum aggregate working load limit of tiedowns required for a 20,000-pound load of general cargo?

  1. 20,000 pounds
  2. 5,000 pounds
  3. 10,000 pounds Correct answer.
  4. 30,000 pounds

Explanation

For cargo that is not a special commodity, the aggregate working load limit of all tiedowns must be at least half the weight of the article being secured. Half of 20,000 pounds is 10,000 pounds. Drivers add up the rated capacity of each tiedown to confirm the total meets this standard.

Question 43Transporting Cargo Safely

When securing cargo that could roll, such as large pipe or drums, what additional protection should be used?

  1. A single rope tied to the front of the load
  2. Nothing extra, because tiedowns alone stop rolling
  3. A tarp pulled tightly over the top
  4. Chocks, wedges, or a cradle to prevent rolling Correct answer.

Explanation

Rounded cargo can rotate under tiedowns even when the straps are tight, so chocks, wedges, or a cradle are needed to block rolling. Tiedowns alone often cannot prevent a cylinder from turning. Securing against roll is separate from holding the load down.

Question 44Transporting Cargo Safely

A driver is hauling a load that extends 6 feet beyond the rear of the vehicle. What is required during daylight hours?

  1. A white light visible from 500 feet
  2. No marking if the load is under 8 feet
  3. A reflective triangle placed on the pavement
  4. A red or orange flag at least 18 inches square at the end Correct answer.

Explanation

When a load extends more than 4 feet beyond the rear of the vehicle, a red or orange flag at least 18 inches square must mark the end during daylight. At night, a red light or reflector is required instead. The flag warns following traffic of the overhang.

Question 45Transporting Cargo Safely

How should cargo be distributed on a commercial vehicle to preserve safe handling?

  1. Loaded toward the top of the trailer for easier unloading
  2. Spread evenly and kept low, with heavy items placed properly Correct answer.
  3. Concentrated over the rear axle for better traction
  4. Piled high on one side to leave room for other freight

Explanation

Keeping the load low and evenly distributed lowers the center of gravity and helps maintain stability in turns and stops. Poor weight distribution can overload axles or make the vehicle hard to steer and brake. Heavy items should be placed so they do not shift or exceed axle limits.

Question 46Transporting Cargo Safely

What is the purpose of the header board at the front of a flatbed trailer?

  1. To hold the tarp above the load
  2. To increase the trailer's legal weight limit
  3. To stop cargo from sliding forward into the cab Correct answer.
  4. To serve as a ramp for loading freight

Explanation

A header board provides a barrier that prevents cargo from shifting forward toward the tractor and cab during braking. It adds protection beyond the tiedowns alone. It does not change legal weight limits or serve as loading equipment.

Question 47Transporting Cargo Safely

When must a driver check the cargo securement during a trip?

  1. Only once, before leaving the terminal
  2. Only after a hard braking event
  3. Within the first 50 miles and every 150 miles or 3 hours afterward Correct answer.
  4. Every 500 miles or at the end of the day

Explanation

Federal rules require the driver to inspect cargo and tiedowns within the first 50 miles of the trip and again at intervals of no more than 150 miles or 3 hours, whichever comes first. Checking after the initial settling period catches loosened tiedowns early. Regular inspections continue throughout the trip.

Question 48Transporting Cargo Safely

A driver must transport a load of loose sand. What is the correct way to handle this cargo?

  1. Leave it uncovered so wind can dry it
  2. Load it above the sideboards for better airflow
  3. Cover it or contain it so it cannot blow or spill Correct answer.
  4. Wet it down and drive faster to shed the excess

Explanation

Loose materials such as sand, gravel, and dirt must be covered or otherwise contained to prevent spillage and blowing debris that can strike other vehicles. The load should also be kept below the sides of the container. Uncovered loose cargo creates a hazard to traffic.

Question 49Transporting Cargo Safely

How many tiedowns are required for a 12-foot-long article of cargo weighing 8,000 pounds?

  1. No tiedowns if the cargo is heavy
  2. At least two tiedowns Correct answer.
  3. At least four tiedowns
  4. Exactly one tiedown

Explanation

Cargo longer than 5 feet but 10 feet or less requires at least two tiedowns, and articles longer than 10 feet require at least two tiedowns plus one additional tiedown for every 10 feet of length. A 12-foot article therefore needs a minimum of two tiedowns. The aggregate working load limit must also be met.

Question 50Transporting Cargo Safely

What does the working load limit marked on a tiedown device represent?

  1. The weight of the device itself
  2. The maximum vehicle speed allowed with the device
  3. The maximum load the device is rated to secure Correct answer.
  4. The breaking strength of the device

Explanation

The working load limit is the maximum load a tiedown component is designed and rated to secure in service. It is lower than the breaking strength to provide a safety margin. Drivers use these ratings to calculate the aggregate working load limit for a load.