I85PREP
⌘ K
AMIE Section A Examination study materials
AMIE Section A Examination study resources

AMIE Section A Examination practice questions

One question at a time. Build your AMIE Section A Examination understanding.

First 50 of 200 questions. Each one lists the choices, the correct answer, and an explanation. The checker at the top of this page saves progress in this browser when it is available.

Continue in the practice tool above to load more questions, 50 at a time.

Question 1Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which SI base unit is used to express the amount of a substance?

  1. The ampere
  2. The candela
  3. The mole Correct answer.
  4. The kelvin

Explanation

The mole is the SI base unit for amount of substance and is defined by a fixed number of elementary entities, Avogadro's constant. The kelvin measures thermodynamic temperature, the candela measures luminous intensity, and the ampere measures electric current, so none of them quantifies particle count.

Question 2Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A car travels 150 metres in 12 seconds at constant speed. What is its speed?

  1. 6.25 m/s
  2. 18.0 m/s
  3. 12.5 m/s Correct answer.
  4. 1800 m/s

Explanation

Speed equals distance divided by time, so 150 metres divided by 12 seconds gives 12.5 metres per second. Dividing rather than multiplying is essential because the answer must express how many metres are covered each second.

Question 3Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

In a series circuit containing a battery and two identical resistors, which statement about the current is true?

  1. The current is the same through both resistors Correct answer.
  2. The current doubles after passing the first resistor
  3. The current is zero in the second resistor
  4. The current halves after passing the first resistor

Explanation

A series circuit provides only one path for charge, so the same current flows through every component in that loop. Charge cannot accumulate or disappear at a resistor, so the rate of flow entering equals the rate leaving.

Question 4Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which material property is measured by the Young's modulus of a solid?

  1. Its resistance to plastic flow
  2. Its toughness before fracture
  3. Its stiffness in the elastic region Correct answer.
  4. Its hardness at the surface

Explanation

Young's modulus is the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain within the elastic range, so it describes how stiff a material is before permanent deformation begins. Higher values mean the material stretches less for a given applied stress.

Question 5Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

What is the principal function of a fuse in an electrical installation?

  1. To raise the supply voltage to the required level
  2. To convert alternating current into direct current
  3. To improve the power factor of inductive loads
  4. To interrupt the circuit when current exceeds a safe value Correct answer.

Explanation

A fuse contains a conductor that melts when the current exceeds its rating, thereby opening the circuit and protecting wiring from overheating. It acts as a sacrificial overcurrent device rather than as a converter, transformer or compensator.

Question 6Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which of the following is a scalar quantity?

  1. Displacement
  2. Velocity
  3. Energy Correct answer.
  4. Acceleration

Explanation

Energy has magnitude but no direction, so it is a scalar; it adds arithmetically without vector resolution. Velocity, displacement and acceleration all require a stated direction to be fully described.

Question 7Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which sequence correctly orders the stages of a simple engineering design process?

  1. Implement, define the problem, evaluate and select, generate concepts
  2. Generate concepts, implement, define the problem, evaluate and select
  3. Evaluate and select, generate concepts, implement, define the problem
  4. Define the problem, generate concepts, evaluate and select, implement Correct answer.

Explanation

Design work normally begins by clarifying the need and constraints, then produces candidate concepts, compares them against criteria, and only then proceeds to detailed implementation. Placing implementation first would commit resources before requirements and alternatives are understood.

Question 8Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which statement describes the purpose of a risk assessment before starting a workshop task?

  1. It records the final cost of the completed job
  2. It assigns blame if an accident later happens
  3. It replaces the need for operator training
  4. It identifies hazards and controls before harm occurs Correct answer.

Explanation

Risk assessment is a proactive process that identifies what could cause harm and decides on reasonable control measures before work begins. It supports safe planning and does not remove the need for competence or serve as a record of blame.

Question 9Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A force of 40 N acts on a mass of 8 kg. What acceleration results?

  1. 32 m/s²
  2. 320 m/s²
  3. 0.2 m/s²
  4. 5 m/s² Correct answer.

Explanation

Newton's second law gives acceleration as force divided by mass, so 40 newtons divided by 8 kilograms equals 5 metres per second squared. Multiplying the two quantities instead of dividing would give the wrong result and wrong units.

Question 10Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A beam is simply supported and carries a single point load at mid-span. Where does the maximum bending moment occur?

  1. At mid-span beneath the load Correct answer.
  2. At the quarter points
  3. At the supports
  4. It is uniform along the beam

Explanation

For a simply supported beam with a central point load, the bending moment diagram is triangular, rising from zero at the supports to a peak directly under the load. The shear force changes sign at that point, which is where the moment reaches its maximum.

Question 11Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A resistor of 220 ohms carries a current of 0.05 A. What is the potential difference across it?

  1. 4400 V
  2. 11 V Correct answer.
  3. 4.4 V
  4. 44 V

Explanation

Ohm's law states that voltage equals current multiplied by resistance, so 0.05 amperes times 220 ohms gives 11 volts. Dividing instead of multiplying, or misplacing the decimal point, produces the other listed values.

Question 12Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Water flows steadily through a pipe that narrows from a wide section to a narrow section. According to continuity, what happens to the flow velocity?

  1. It stays exactly the same
  2. It increases in the narrow section Correct answer.
  3. It becomes zero in the narrow section
  4. It decreases in the narrow section

Explanation

For steady incompressible flow the product of cross-sectional area and velocity is constant, so a smaller area must be matched by a higher velocity. Mass conservation is the underlying principle, since the same volume must pass each section in a given time.

Question 13Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which mechanism transfers heat through a solid metal bar with no bulk movement of the material?

  1. Evaporation
  2. Convection
  3. Conduction Correct answer.
  4. Radiation

Explanation

Conduction transfers thermal energy through molecular vibration and free-electron movement within a material, without the material itself flowing. Convection requires bulk fluid motion, radiation needs no medium, and evaporation is a phase change at a surface.

Question 14Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A gear train has a driving gear with 20 teeth and a driven gear with 60 teeth. If the driving gear rotates at 900 rpm, what is the driven gear speed?

  1. 2700 rpm
  2. 1800 rpm
  3. 450 rpm
  4. 300 rpm Correct answer.

Explanation

The speed ratio equals the ratio of teeth, so the driven gear turns at 900 multiplied by 20/60, which is 300 rpm. A larger driven gear turns more slowly while transmitting greater torque, consistent with conservation of power.

Question 15Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which statement best explains why a three-phase induction motor is widely used in industry?

  1. It operates only at synchronous speed under load
  2. It produces a rotating magnetic field without brushes Correct answer.
  3. It converts mechanical energy into chemical energy
  4. It needs no electrical supply to run

Explanation

Balanced three-phase currents in the stator windings create a rotating magnetic field that induces currents in the rotor, so no brushes or commutator are needed. This gives a robust, low-maintenance machine with good starting torque characteristics.

Question 16Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

In a right-angled triangle, the side opposite a 30° angle is 5 cm. What is the length of the hypotenuse?

  1. 8.66 cm
  2. 2.5 cm
  3. 5 cm
  4. 10 cm Correct answer.

Explanation

The sine of an angle equals the opposite side divided by the hypotenuse, and sine 30° is 0.5, so the hypotenuse is 5 divided by 0.5, giving 10 cm. Using cosine or tangent here would apply the wrong ratio to the given information.

Question 17Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which property of a material makes it suitable for drawing into long wires without fracture?

  1. High brittleness
  2. High porosity
  3. High ductility Correct answer.
  4. Low thermal conductivity

Explanation

Ductility is the ability of a material to undergo substantial plastic deformation in tension before fracture, which allows it to be drawn into wire. Brittle materials instead crack with little deformation, and porosity weakens the section.

Question 18Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A component is subjected to a tensile stress of 120 MPa and has a cross-sectional area of 300 mm². What tensile force acts on it?

  1. 0.4 kN
  2. 360 kN
  3. 36 kN Correct answer.
  4. 3.6 kN

Explanation

Stress equals force divided by area, so force equals stress multiplied by area. Converting 300 mm² to 300 × 10⁻⁶ m² and multiplying by 120 × 10⁶ Pa gives 36 000 N, or 36 kN.

Question 19Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which of the following best describes the function of a control system's feedback loop?

  1. It amplifies the input signal without limit
  2. It removes the need for a sensor
  3. It converts analogue signals into digital form
  4. It compares output with a reference and corrects the error Correct answer.

Explanation

Feedback measures the actual output, compares it with the desired reference value, and uses the resulting error to adjust the input. This closed-loop action reduces the effect of disturbances and keeps the output close to the set point.

Question 20Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A pump delivers 0.002 m³ of water per second against a head of 20 m. Taking water density as 1000 kg/m³ and gravitational acceleration as 10 m/s², what hydraulic power is delivered?

  1. 400 W Correct answer.
  2. 40 W
  3. 4 W
  4. 4000 W

Explanation

Hydraulic power equals density times gravitational acceleration times flow rate times head, so 1000 × 10 × 0.002 × 20 gives 400 watts. Each term must be in consistent SI units before multiplying.

Question 21Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A simply supported beam of span 4 m carries a uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m over its full length. What is the maximum bending moment?

  1. 10 kN·m
  2. 20 kN·m Correct answer.
  3. 40 kN·m
  4. 80 kN·m

Explanation

For a uniformly distributed load the maximum moment is wL²/8, giving 10 × 16 / 8, which equals 20 kN·m at mid-span. Total load times span divided by eight, not by four, is the correct formula for this loading.

Question 22Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Two resistors of 6 ohms and 3 ohms are connected in parallel across a 12 V supply. What total current is drawn from the supply?

  1. 2 A
  2. 1.33 A
  3. 6 A Correct answer.
  4. 4 A

Explanation

The parallel equivalent resistance is the product over the sum, 18/9, which is 2 ohms, so the total current is 12/2, or 6 amperes. Each branch carries 2 A and 4 A respectively, and these branch currents add to the supply current.

Question 23Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A sample of material has a mass of 2.4 kg and occupies a volume of 0.003 m³. What is its density?

  1. 0.00125 kg/m³
  2. 800 kg/m³ Correct answer.
  3. 72 kg/m³
  4. 1250 kg/m³

Explanation

Density is mass divided by volume, so 2.4 kilograms divided by 0.003 cubic metres gives 800 kilograms per cubic metre. The reciprocal of this value would give specific volume, not density, and multiplying the quantities is incorrect.

Question 24Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A heat engine absorbs 500 J of heat from a hot reservoir and rejects 350 J to a cold reservoir in each cycle. What is its thermal efficiency?

  1. 43 percent
  2. 70 percent
  3. 65 percent
  4. 30 percent Correct answer.

Explanation

Efficiency is the net work output divided by heat input, and the work is 500 minus 350, which is 150 joules. Dividing 150 by 500 gives 0.30, or 30 percent, consistent with the second law since the value must be below unity.

Question 25Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A flywheel of moment of inertia 0.5 kg·m² spins at 20 rad/s. What is its rotational kinetic energy?

  1. 10 J
  2. 100 J Correct answer.
  3. 5 J
  4. 200 J

Explanation

Rotational kinetic energy is half the moment of inertia times the square of angular velocity, so 0.5 × 0.5 × 400 gives 100 joules. Squaring the angular velocity is essential because energy depends on the square of speed.

Question 26Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A rectangular floor measures 4.5 m by 3.2 m. What is its area?

  1. 7.7 m²
  2. 14.4 m² Correct answer.
  3. 15.4 m²
  4. 12.8 m²

Explanation

The area of a rectangle equals length multiplied by width, so 4.5 × 3.2 = 14.4 m². Adding the sides instead of multiplying, or misplacing the decimal point, produces the other values.

Question 27Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which document typically sets out the agreed scope, deliverables, and deadlines for an engineering project?

  1. The project plan Correct answer.
  2. The material safety data sheet
  3. The purchase order
  4. The inspection certificate

Explanation

A project plan records what the work will deliver, when milestones fall due, and who is responsible, so it is the standard tool for agreeing scope and timing. Safety data sheets describe hazards of substances, inspection certificates confirm conformity, and purchase orders authorise buying goods.

Question 28Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A team must choose between two pump designs. One costs more but uses less electricity over its life. Which approach best supports a sound decision?

  1. Choose the pump with the larger physical size for safety margin
  2. Compare total lifetime cost, including purchase price and running energy cost Correct answer.
  3. Choose the cheaper pump because capital cost is the only measurable factor
  4. Defer the decision until both pumps have failed in service

Explanation

Whole-life costing adds the purchase price to operating and maintenance costs, so a higher initial price can still give the lowest total cost. Comparing capital cost alone ignores the energy saving that motivates the choice.

Question 29Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which statement best describes the role of a code of ethics for an engineering institution?

  1. It sets out expected standards of honesty, competence, and public safety Correct answer.
  2. It replaces national legislation on product safety
  3. It fixes the fees that members may charge clients
  4. It guarantees that members will never make technical errors

Explanation

Professional codes state the conduct expected of members, particularly honesty, competence, and putting public safety and welfare first. They complement the law rather than replace it, and they do not promise error-free work or set commercial fees.

Question 30Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A drawing is reproduced at a scale of 1:50. A wall measures 84 mm on the drawing. What is its real length?

  1. 4.2 m Correct answer.
  2. 8.4 m
  3. 0.84 m
  4. 42 m

Explanation

A scale of 1:50 means one unit on the drawing represents 50 units in reality, so 84 mm × 50 = 4200 mm, which is 4.2 m. Failing to convert millimetres to metres gives an answer out by a factor of one thousand.

Question 31Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which quantity is measured in newtons?

  1. Pressure
  2. Work
  3. Power
  4. Force Correct answer.

Explanation

The newton is defined as the force giving a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of one metre per second squared. Pressure is measured in pascals, work in joules, and power in watts.

Question 32Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A crate of mass 25 kg is lifted vertically through 3 m. Taking gravitational acceleration as 9.81 m/s², how much potential energy does it gain?

  1. 75.0 J
  2. 2207.3 J
  3. 735.8 J Correct answer.
  4. 245.3 J

Explanation

Gain in potential energy equals mass × gravitational acceleration × height, so 25 × 9.81 × 3 = 735.75 J, rounded to 735.8 J. Dividing by the height or omitting the height entirely produces the other figures.

Question 33Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which statement correctly describes the difference between mass and weight?

  1. Mass changes with location while weight stays constant
  2. Mass is measured in newtons and weight in kilograms
  3. Mass and weight are different names for the same quantity
  4. Mass is a measure of matter and weight is the gravitational force on it Correct answer.

Explanation

Mass measures the quantity of matter and is unchanged by location, whereas weight is the gravitational force acting on that mass and varies with local gravity. Mass is measured in kilograms and weight in newtons, so the two are related but distinct.

Question 34Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A force of 60 N acts at 30° to a horizontal lever arm of 0.4 m. What is the moment about the pivot, taking the perpendicular component?

  1. 24.0 N·m
  2. 20.8 N·m
  3. 12.0 N·m Correct answer.
  4. 6.0 N·m

Explanation

Only the component of force perpendicular to the arm creates a moment, and that component is 60 × sin 30° = 30 N. Multiplying by the 0.4 m arm gives 12.0 N·m; using the full force or the cosine component gives the other results.

Question 35Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which property of a lubricating oil describes its resistance to flow?

  1. Viscosity Correct answer.
  2. Thermal conductivity
  3. Density
  4. Specific heat capacity

Explanation

Viscosity is the internal resistance of a fluid to flow, so a thicker oil has a higher viscosity and forms a stronger load-carrying film. Density, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity describe other physical behaviour.

Question 36Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Water flows through a pipe of internal diameter 50 mm at a mean velocity of 1.2 m/s. Taking π as 3.142, what is the volume flow rate?

  1. 0.00471 m³/s
  2. 0.00236 m³/s Correct answer.
  3. 0.01885 m³/s
  4. 0.00059 m³/s

Explanation

The cross-sectional area is πd²/4 = 3.142 × 0.05² / 4 = 0.001963 m², and multiplying by 1.2 m/s gives 0.00236 m³/s. Using the diameter instead of the radius in the area formula inflates the result fourfold.

Question 37Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which statement describes the function of a fuse in an electrical circuit?

  1. It stores energy to smooth the supply voltage
  2. It converts alternating current into direct current
  3. It increases the voltage supplied to a load
  4. It melts and breaks the circuit when current exceeds a set value Correct answer.

Explanation

A fuse contains a element that melts when the current exceeds its rating, opening the circuit and protecting conductors and equipment from overheating. Energy storage, rectification, and voltage step-up are functions of capacitors, rectifiers, and transformers respectively.

Question 38Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Three resistors of 2 ohms, 3 ohms, and 6 ohms are connected in series. What is the equivalent resistance?

  1. 3.67 ohms
  2. 11 ohms Correct answer.
  3. 0.55 ohm
  4. 1.0 ohm

Explanation

In a series circuit the same current passes through each element and the resistances simply add, giving 2 + 3 + 6 = 11 ohms. Combining them as a parallel network would give a value below the smallest resistor.

Question 39Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

In a simple stress-strain test on a ductile metal, which point marks the limit of elastic behaviour?

  1. The proportional limit
  2. The fracture point
  3. The ultimate tensile strength
  4. The yield point Correct answer.

Explanation

The yield point is where the material begins to deform permanently, so it marks the practical boundary of elastic behaviour. Ultimate tensile strength is the maximum stress reached, and fracture is the final failure, both well beyond the elastic region.

Question 40Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A shaft transmits 15 kW at a rotational speed of 3000 rev/min. Taking π as 3.142, what torque does it carry?

  1. 5.0 N·m
  2. 0.08 N·m
  3. 47.7 N·m Correct answer.
  4. 286.4 N·m

Explanation

Power equals torque times angular velocity, and 3000 rev/min is 314.2 rad/s. Dividing 15000 W by 314.2 rad/s gives about 47.7 N·m; failing to convert revolutions to radians per second gives the other values.

Question 41Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which statement best explains why a four-stroke engine needs a flywheel?

  1. It mixes fuel with air before ignition
  2. It stores energy during the power stroke and releases it during other strokes Correct answer.
  3. It seals the combustion chamber during the compression stroke
  4. It opens and closes the inlet valve

Explanation

Only the power stroke produces work, so the flywheel absorbs surplus energy then and returns it during the exhaust, intake, and compression strokes to smooth rotation. Sealing, mixing, and valve operation are tasks of other components.

Question 42Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which mechanism is used to convert continuous rotary motion into intermittent rotary motion?

  1. A screw jack
  2. A bell crank lever
  3. A friction clutch
  4. A Geneva mechanism Correct answer.

Explanation

A Geneva mechanism uses a pin on a continuously rotating driver to engage slots in a wheel, producing stepped intermittent rotation. Levers change the direction of motion, screw jacks convert rotation to linear motion, and clutches connect or disconnect shafts.

Question 43Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A component carries a steady tensile load of 12 kN on a cross-section of 150 mm². What is the direct tensile stress?

  1. 80 MPa Correct answer.
  2. 1.8 MPa
  3. 18 MPa
  4. 180 MPa

Explanation

Stress equals force divided by area, so 12000 N ÷ 150 mm² = 80 N/mm², which is 80 MPa. Failing to convert kilonewtons to newtons or misplacing the decimal gives the other values.

Question 44Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which statement describes the purpose of a quality control inspection during manufacture?

  1. To design the product packaging
  2. To confirm that products meet the specified requirements Correct answer.
  3. To recruit additional production staff
  4. To set the selling price of the finished product

Explanation

Inspection compares a product with its specification and identifies nonconforming items before they reach the customer. Pricing, recruitment, and packaging design are commercial or design activities outside the inspection function.

Question 45Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A batch of 400 components contains 12 defective items. What percentage is defective?

  1. 12.0%
  2. 0.3%
  3. 4.8%
  4. 3.0% Correct answer.

Explanation

The defective fraction is 12 ÷ 400 = 0.03, and multiplying by 100 gives 3.0%. Dividing by the wrong total or forgetting the percentage conversion produces the other figures.

Question 46Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which statement best explains why a machine guard is fitted around rotating parts?

  1. It increases the rotational speed of the machine
  2. It reduces the electrical power consumed
  3. It prevents contact between people and moving parts Correct answer.
  4. It improves the surface finish of the product

Explanation

Guards form a physical barrier that stops operators reaching dangerous moving parts, which is the main purpose of machine safeguarding. They do not change speed, power consumption, or product finish.

Question 47Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A simply supported beam has a span of 6 m and carries a point load of 20 kN at 2 m from the left support. What is the reaction at the left support?

  1. 6.67 kN
  2. 13.33 kN Correct answer.
  3. 20.0 kN
  4. 10.0 kN

Explanation

Taking moments about the right support, the left reaction equals 20 kN × 4 m ÷ 6 m = 13.33 kN, because the load sits 4 m from the right support. Using the 2 m distance instead gives the complementary value.

Question 48Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which statement describes the function of a thermostat in a domestic heating system?

  1. It measures the flow rate of water in the pipes
  2. It switches the heater on and off to hold a set temperature Correct answer.
  3. It filters particles from the circulating water
  4. It increases the pressure in the boiler

Explanation

A thermostat senses temperature and opens or closes a switch to keep the space near the set point, forming a simple closed-loop control. Flow measurement, filtration, and pressure regulation are performed by other devices.

Question 49Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

A motor draws 8 A from a 240 V supply and delivers 1.5 kW of mechanical output. What is its efficiency?

  1. 78.1% Correct answer.
  2. 62.5%
  3. 48.0%
  4. 156.0%

Explanation

Electrical input power is 240 × 8 = 1920 W, so efficiency is 1500 ÷ 1920 = 0.781, or 78.1%. Dividing input by output or using the wrong power gives the other values, and no machine can exceed 100%.

Question 50Section A curriculum (non-technical and basic engineering subjects)

Which statement best describes the difference between a sketch and a formal engineering drawing?

  1. A sketch must always be drawn to scale, while a drawing need not be
  2. A sketch is always produced to a recognised standard, while a drawing is freehand
  3. A sketch communicates an idea quickly, while a drawing conveys precise, standardised information Correct answer.
  4. A sketch requires a title block, while a drawing never includes one

Explanation

Sketches are rapid freehand records of ideas, whereas engineering drawings follow conventions such as standard views, dimensions, and title blocks so that others can manufacture from them. Sketches are generally not to scale and carry no formal title block.