Performance
Take-off and landing performance
Understand the take-off distance available (TODA), take-off run available (TORA), clearway, stopway, and accelerate-stop distance. Know the balanced field length concept and V1, VR, and V2. Know that V1 is the decision speed and can be less than VR. For landing, know the landing distance available (LDA) and the requirement for a factored landing distance.
Climb and cruise
Know the climb gradients required for obstacle clearance and the effect of mass, altitude, temperature, and wind on climb performance. Understand the cruise control and the effect of altitude on TAS and fuel flow. Know the meaning of specific range and the optimum altitude.
Effects of variables
Know how density altitude, mass, wind, runway slope, and contamination affect performance. Know that high altitude, high temperature, and high mass all increase take-off distance and reduce climb gradient.
Traps
Questions confuse TODA with TORA, or V1 with VR. Another favourite: the effect of wind on take-off distance (headwind shortens, tailwind lengthens) and the effect of runway slope (uphill lengthens).
Worked example
A runway has TORA 2,400 m, clearway 150 m, stopway 60 m. TODA = TORA + clearway = 2,550 m. ASDA = TORA + stopway = 2,460 m. LDA = TORA (unless displaced threshold) = 2,400 m. Always check which distance the question asks for.