Aerodromes, Airspace and Flight Procedures
Aerodrome Standards
Annex 14 sets aerodrome standards: runway and taxiway dimensions, strip and obstacle limitation surfaces, approach and take-off climb surfaces, lighting, marking and signage. Know the declared distances - Take-Off Run Available (TORA), Take-Off Distance Available (TODA), Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA) and Landing Distance Available (LDA) - and how they relate to runway length. Aerodrome reference code (a number for field length and a letter for wingspan/outer main gear span) determines applicable standards. Aerodrome certificates and the aerodrome manual are the compliance mechanism.
Airspace and Procedures
Airspace is classified A to G, with classes A–E controlled and F–G uncontrolled (F is advisory). Brunei's FIR and terminal areas are served by ATC; entry into controlled airspace requires a clearance. Instrument approach procedures, holding patterns, minimum sector altitudes and transition altitudes must be read from charts correctly. Standard instrument departures and arrivals are coded procedures requiring prior clearance.
Traps and Rule of Thumb
Traps: confusing TODA with TORA (TODA includes clearway); assuming LDA always equals runway length (it may be reduced by displaced threshold); and misreading airspace class privileges - class D permits IFR and VFR with ATC clearance and traffic information.
Worked example: A runway is 2,400 m long, with a 150 m clearway and a 200 m stopway. TORA = 2,400 m; TODA = 2,550 m; ASDA = 2,600 m. LDA depends on the landing threshold position, not on clearway.