Meteorology
Weather Theory
Understand the atmosphere: temperature lapse rates, pressure systems, wind, moisture, stability, and fronts. Know how to read METAR and TAF. For Bolivia, consider the effects of the Andes on weather: mountain waves, valley winds, and thunderstorms.
Weather Hazards
Thunderstorms, icing, turbulence, wind shear, and fog. Know the conditions for formation and avoidance strategies. For example, avoid thunderstorms by at least 20 nautical miles.
Traps
Questions often ask about the standard lapse rate (2°C per 1,000 ft) or the difference between true and indicated altitude. Another trap: interpreting METAR wind direction (true vs magnetic). METAR wind is true; ATIS is magnetic.
Worked Example
A METAR reports wind 27015KT, visibility 10 km, few clouds at 3,000 ft, temperature 20°C, dew point 10°C, QNH 1013. This indicates VFR conditions. The spread between temperature and dew point is 10°C, so fog is unlikely.
Rule of Thumb
For stability: if the environmental lapse rate is greater than the dry adiabatic rate (3°C/1,000 ft), the air is unstable. For cloud base: estimate by (temperature - dew point) * 400 ft.