Navigation, Charts and Aeronautical Information
Sources of information
AIP (including amendments and supplements), NOTAM, charts (en-route, SID, STAR, IAC, aerodrome), and the Aeronautical Information Circular are the pilot's and controller's references. Know the difference between permanent and temporary information and the trigger for a NOTAM (urgent, temporary, or short-notice change).
Navigation aids
VOR, DME, NDB, ILS (localizer + glide path + markers), GNSS and RNAV/RNP are examinable. Traps: confusing radial with bearing, thinking DME gives altitude, and forgetting that RNP implies on-board performance monitoring and alerting.
Charts and units
Altitudes in feet, distances in nautical miles, bearings in degrees magnetic (or true where stated), wind in knots. Read the chart legend before answering.
Rule of thumb
Radial = from the station; bearing = to/from the station as stated. DME = slant range, not altitude.
Worked example
An aircraft on the 090 radial of a VOR is east of the station; if it reports DME 40 NM, the ground distance is slightly less than 40 NM due to slant range at altitude.