Communications: VFR and IFR
Radio fundamentals and phraseology
Understand the radio equipment, frequency bands, and the use of the correct frequency for the service. Learn standard phraseology: call signs, read-back requirements, and the structure of a position report. Know the phonetic alphabet, the standard words (ROGER, WILCO, AFFIRM, NEGATIVE, STANDBY, SAY AGAIN), and the correct way to report altitude and heading. Understand the meaning of "line up", "cleared for take-off", "cleared to land", and "hold short".
VFR communications
Learn the calls for taxi, departure, position reporting, and arrival at both towered and non-towered aerodromes. Understand the standard overhead join calls and the meaning of "downwind", "base" and "final" calls. Know the emergency calls and the use of 121.5 MHz.
IFR communications
Study the clearance format: clearance limit, route, altitude, and any speed or time restrictions. Learn to read back a full route clearance, and the meaning of "expect further clearance" and "hold for release". Understand the communication failure procedure and the role of SELCAL or datalink where fitted.
Traps
Questions often test the read-back requirement, the difference between "cleared for take-off" and "line up and wait", and the correct response to a clearance that is not understood (SAY AGAIN, not read back incorrectly). Another trap is confusing the distress and urgency frequencies.
Worked example
A clearance: "ABC123, cleared to the XYZ VOR via the A1 airway, maintain 5,000 ft, squawk 4271." The read-back must include the clearance limit, route, altitude and squawk. Rule of thumb: read back the four items that, if wrong, would cause a loss of separation.