Project Management, Standards, and Professional Practice (项目管理、标准与职业规范)
Domain 8 tests the nine knowledge areas in an e-commerce setting, plus the laws, standards and ethical rules a designer works under. Quantitative items are usually schedule or estimate calculations.
Schedule and cost tools
WBS decomposes deliverables; the network diagram yields the critical path - the longest-duration path, whose total float is zero. Total float = LS − ES = LF − EF; a task on the critical path slipping by one day moves the finish date by one day. Three-point (PERT) estimate = (O + 4M + P)/6, with standard deviation (P − O)/6. Estimation methods: analogy, parametric, bottom-up.
Quality, risk, change
Quality assurance is process-oriented and preventive; quality control inspects outputs. Risk responses: 规避、转移、减轻、接受 - insurance or outsourcing is 转移, not elimination. Change requests go through impact analysis and the CCB; configuration management keeps versions and baselines traceable.
Law, standards and ethics
《电子商务法》 (platform obligations, records kept for at least three years), 《电子签名法》 (reliable electronic signature has the effect of a handwritten signature), 《网络安全法》《数据安全法》《个人信息保护法》 (minimum necessary collection, purpose limitation, separate consent for sensitive data), consumer rights such as seven-day no-reason return for online goods, and IP protection for listings and images. Professional practice: honesty in reporting, confidentiality of user data, disclosure of conflicts of interest.
Worked example
Task A: optimistic 4 days, most likely 6, pessimistic 14. Task B depends on A. Reasoning: PERT for A = (4 + 4×6 + 14)/6 = (4 + 24 + 14)/6 = 42/6 = 7 days; σ = (14 − 4)/6 ≈ 1.67. So B's earliest start is day 7, not the most-likely 6. If A sits on the critical path, the whole project finish shifts by 7 days and the σ signals how much schedule risk is concentrated there.
Traps that cost marks
- Calling the path with the most activities critical; it is the longest duration path.
- Treating 转移 as risk elimination.
- Ignoring float on non-critical tasks when levelling resources.
- Quoting the seven-day return rule for goods legally excluded from it.
- Collecting personal data "for future use" without a stated purpose.