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CWDP practice questions

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Question 1Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

In a WLAN design project, which document formally captures the customer's business drivers, coverage goals, capacity targets, and acceptance criteria?

  1. Bill of materials (BOM)
  2. Requirements document / Statement of Requirements Correct answer.
  3. Heatmap
  4. Change request

Explanation

A requirements document (sometimes called a Statement of Requirements or SOR) captures business drivers, use cases, device counts, application mix, coverage and capacity targets, security requirements, and measurable acceptance criteria. It is the basis for the design and the yardstick for validation. The BOM and heatmap are outputs derived from it.

Question 2Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

Which piece of information is typically gathered early for WLAN capacity planning?

  1. Wi-Fi vendor preference
  2. Expected concurrent users per area and their application mix Correct answer.
  3. IP subnet size
  4. Vendor quote

Explanation

Capacity planning needs expected concurrent users per area (e.g., 300 students in a lecture hall) and their application mix (Teams calls, 4K video, web, file sync). That drives per-AP client counts, required throughput, and AP density. Vendor preference and quotes come after the technical requirements are clear.

Question 3Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

Which artifact documents the client-device types to be supported and their capabilities?

  1. Device inventory / client matrix Correct answer.
  2. Firewall ruleset
  3. SSL certificate
  4. DNS record list

Explanation

A device inventory or client matrix lists the device types to be supported (laptops, Wi-Fi phones, barcode scanners, IoT sensors, medical telemetry) with their Wi-Fi capabilities (standard supported, bands, streams, security). This drives minimum rate choices, band strategies, and onboarding methods. It is foundational input to the design.

Question 4Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

Which overall CWDP design philosophy is consistent across all modern enterprise Wi-Fi deployments?

  1. Coverage is enough; capacity doesn't matter
  2. Balance coverage, capacity, roaming, security, and operational manageability based on documented requirements Correct answer.
  3. Maximize TX power
  4. Minimize AP count at all costs

Explanation

Good CWDP design balances coverage (minimum RSSI everywhere clients go), capacity (throughput per client for app mix), roaming (fast and reliable), security (authentication/encryption/segmentation), and operations (monitoring, updates, troubleshooting). All trace back to documented requirements. Optimizing any single axis (coverage only, min APs, max power) produces poor outcomes.

Question 5Predictive, passive, active and spectrum observations

Which type of site survey is primarily performed before any APs are installed, using floor plans and wall-material modeling?

  1. Passive survey
  2. Active survey
  3. Predictive survey Correct answer.
  4. Spectrum analysis

Explanation

A predictive survey is performed before installation using tools such as Ekahau AI Pro, Hamina, or iBwave Wi-Fi. Floor plans are imported, wall materials tagged for attenuation, and APs placed virtually. The result is a predicted heatmap and channel plan. Passive and active surveys require existing or temporary APs; spectrum analysis captures non-Wi-Fi RF.

Question 6Predictive, passive, active and spectrum observations

In an AP-on-a-stick survey, what is the primary purpose of the technique?

  1. To permanently mount APs
  2. To validate predictive models by measuring real signal from a temporary AP at candidate locations Correct answer.
  3. To bill the customer for extra time
  4. To replace spectrum analyzers

Explanation

AP-on-a-stick uses a temporary AP on a pole (with battery PoE injector) placed at candidate mounting locations. The surveyor walks the floor with a survey laptop to confirm RF coverage, validate materials modeling, and refine final AP placement. It complements predictive designs for complex or high-value sites.

Question 7Predictive, passive, active and spectrum observations

Which vendor tool is commonly used for professional WLAN site surveys and predictive planning?

  1. ping
  2. Ekahau AI Pro or Hamina Correct answer.
  3. netstat
  4. ipconfig

Explanation

Ekahau AI Pro (with Sidekick measurement devices) and Hamina (the successor/sister product to original Ekahau Site Survey) are the dominant tools for predictive and measurement-based site surveys. Competitors include iBwave Wi-Fi and NetAlly AirMagnet Survey Pro. ping and netstat are generic connectivity tools, not survey software.

Question 8Predictive, passive, active and spectrum observations

Which survey type validates real signal strength and retry rates by associating a test client and measuring throughput?

  1. Predictive survey
  2. Passive survey
  3. Active survey Correct answer.
  4. Spectrum survey

Explanation

An active survey associates a test client to the APs and measures real throughput, retry rates, and roaming behavior. A passive survey scans beacons and probe responses without associating. Predictive surveys use software modeling. Spectrum surveys capture non-Wi-Fi RF. Post-installation validation should include at least a passive survey; active for voice/high-density.

Question 9Predictive, passive, active and spectrum observations

Which term describes a formal assessment after installation to compare actual coverage against design targets?

  1. Design kickoff
  2. Post-deployment validation survey Correct answer.
  3. Sales pitch
  4. Pre-survey

Explanation

A post-deployment validation survey (passive and/or active, sometimes with spectrum analysis) measures real RSSI, SNR, throughput, and roaming against the design targets. It is essential for customer acceptance and to tune channel/power if issues are found. Tools: Ekahau, Hamina, iBwave, AirMagnet.

Question 10Predictive, passive, active and spectrum observations

Which feature should be validated during a post-deployment survey for a voice-over-Wi-Fi (VoWiFi) application?

  1. Beacon signal only
  2. SNR, retry rate, roam time, and end-to-end latency for voice packets Correct answer.
  3. SSID name length
  4. Only AP uptime

Explanation

Voice validation checks SNR (>= 25 dB), retry rate (<10% for voice), roam time (<100 ms), and end-to-end RTP latency/jitter. Tools like Ekahau's voice test or Wi-Fi phones (Spectralink, Vocera) measure this live. Beacon-only surveys miss the real application experience.

Question 11Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

Which design element specifies the AP model, channel, transmit power, and PoE requirement for each AP location?

  1. Bill of materials
  2. Channel plan and power plan Correct answer.
  3. Requirements document
  4. Escalation matrix

Explanation

The channel and power plan assigns each AP a specific channel (or band in dual/tri-band) and a planned transmit power, typically with ARM/RRM autotuning as a fallback. It considers channel reuse, DFS availability, and cell overlap. The BOM lists hardware quantities. The requirements document captures business goals.

Question 12Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

Which feature handles radar detection on 5 GHz DFS channels and forces the AP to vacate?

  1. TPC (Transmit Power Control)
  2. DFS (Dynamic Frequency Selection) Correct answer.
  3. ARM (Aruba Adaptive Radio Management)
  4. BSS Coloring

Explanation

Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) is the FCC-mandated mechanism by which APs on U-NII-2A/2C channels continuously listen for radar pulses and, upon detection, vacate the channel for a quiet period (e.g., 30 minutes). TPC limits transmit power. ARM/RRM automate channel and power selection. BSS Coloring is a Wi-Fi 6 feature to reduce CCI.

Question 13Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

Which design choice reduces airtime inefficiency caused by legacy low-rate clients?

  1. Enabling 802.11b data rates
  2. Disabling low basic rates (1/2/5.5/11 Mbps) and setting minimum rates higher Correct answer.
  3. Lowering transmit power
  4. Using larger channel widths

Explanation

Disabling low basic rates and management rates (setting 12 or 24 Mbps minimum instead of 1 or 6 Mbps) shrinks cell size, speeds up beacons, and forces legacy clients to higher rates. This significantly improves airtime efficiency in enterprise environments. The trade-off: some old clients lose service and must be retired.

Question 14Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

A customer's new 6 GHz (U-NII-5 through U-NII-8) Wi-Fi 6E design should use which channel width for maximum capacity in an open corporate office?

  1. 20 MHz
  2. 40 MHz
  3. 80 MHz with some 160 MHz for demanding rooms Correct answer.
  4. 640 MHz

Explanation

6 GHz provides up to 1200 MHz of spectrum, allowing many 80 MHz channels and multiple 160 MHz channels with little legacy interference. Typical corporate 6 GHz designs use 80 MHz primary, with 160 MHz in demanding rooms. 20 MHz wastes the new spectrum. 640 MHz does not exist (320 MHz is the Wi-Fi 7 maximum).

Question 15Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

Which design tool view shows predicted co-channel interference by AP and floor?

  1. Heatmap
  2. Channel overlap or CCI visualization Correct answer.
  3. Access control matrix
  4. DHCP scope

Explanation

Survey tools like Ekahau AI Pro and Hamina provide a CCI (co-channel interference) or 'channel overlap' visualization that shows, for each floor and AP, how many neighboring APs are on the same channel and how strong they are. This is essential for validating channel plans in multi-floor buildings.

Question 16Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

Which design consideration drives inclusion of 2.4 GHz radios in modern Wi-Fi 6/6E deployments?

  1. 2.4 GHz is always best
  2. Legacy and IoT devices that only support 2.4 GHz Correct answer.
  3. New Wi-Fi 6 clients prefer 2.4 GHz
  4. 2.4 GHz is required for mesh

Explanation

Many legacy and IoT devices (older phones, some smart-home devices, industrial sensors, printers) only support 2.4 GHz. Modern designs enable 2.4 GHz with lower density (one radio active per 2-3 APs) to serve these while using 5 GHz/6 GHz as primary capacity bands. 2.4 GHz is crowded, so density is kept intentionally low.

Question 17Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

Which vendor design approach uses AI to automate channel, power, and client steering decisions?

  1. Manual configuration only
  2. Cisco DNA/Catalyst Center RRM, Aruba ARM, Juniper Mist Marvis, Extreme ML Correct answer.
  3. 802.11a default mode
  4. DFS quiet channels

Explanation

Modern enterprise platforms use AI/ML radio management: Cisco Catalyst Center (formerly DNA Center) with RRM, Aruba Adaptive Radio Management (ARM), Juniper Mist with Marvis, and Extreme ML. These tune channel, power, band steering, and roaming hints dynamically based on live telemetry. Manual static plans are usually replaced by AI tuning in large deployments.

Question 18Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

What is a typical design maximum transmit power for 5 GHz APs in enterprise indoor deployments?

  1. 30 dBm
  2. 10-15 dBm Correct answer.
  3. 40 dBm
  4. 5 mW

Explanation

Enterprise indoor 5 GHz APs commonly run 10-15 dBm (10-30 mW) to keep cells small, match client Tx power (so uplink and downlink ranges match), and enable dense deployments with less CCI. Regulatory allows much more (often 23-30 dBm EIRP), but design practice favors lower. Matching client Tx power is a classic CWDP principle.

Question 19Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

What term describes ensuring downlink and uplink reach are balanced between AP and client?

  1. Frequency reuse
  2. Symmetric Tx power / balanced link Correct answer.
  3. PMF
  4. DFS

Explanation

A balanced link (symmetric Tx power) means the AP's transmit power is similar to the client's, so if a client can hear the AP, the AP can also hear the client. APs transmitting at high power with low-power clients cause asymmetric problems: clients think they have signal, but the AP cannot hear them well. Keeping 5 GHz AP Tx power near 10-15 dBm matches typical client radios.

Question 20Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

Which channel planning concept describes reusing the same channel on APs far enough apart that they do not hear each other?

  1. DFS
  2. Frequency reuse Correct answer.
  3. CCI
  4. Adjacency

Explanation

Frequency reuse is reusing the same channel across non-adjacent APs with enough physical separation (and lower TX power) that they do not significantly interfere. This is what enables 5 GHz's ~25 channels to cover an entire campus. Poor reuse leads to co-channel interference (CCI).

Question 21Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

Which scenario most justifies using 160 MHz channels?

  1. Dense office with lots of APs
  2. A few high-demand clients in a small area (e.g., VR studio) with abundant 6 GHz spectrum Correct answer.
  3. Stadium
  4. Legacy 802.11g coverage

Explanation

160 MHz channels consume lots of spectrum but deliver high per-client throughput. In 6 GHz with its 1200 MHz of spectrum, a few high-demand applications like 8K streaming, VR, or large file transfers can justify 160 MHz. In dense 5 GHz offices or stadiums, 40 MHz is better for channel reuse.

Question 22Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

Which wireless design anti-pattern is called 'co-channel everywhere'?

  1. Using only channels 1/6/11 too densely in 2.4 GHz
  2. Never reusing channels
  3. Running all APs on channel 1 in a multi-AP deployment Correct answer.
  4. Running all APs on only UNII-1

Explanation

'Co-channel everywhere' happens when all APs end up on the same channel (for example, all defaulting to channel 1 or channel 36). Every frame from one AP is CCI for its neighbors, collapsing capacity. A diverse channel plan (driven by RRM/ARM or manual design) is essential.

Question 23Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

Which concept describes designing separate SSIDs for different service classes while keeping total SSIDs low?

  1. SSID minimization (e.g., 3 SSIDs max: Corp, Guest, IoT) Correct answer.
  2. One SSID per user
  3. Broadcast every possible option
  4. Use 16 SSIDs everywhere

Explanation

SSID minimization keeps total SSIDs per radio low (typically 3-4 maximum: Corporate, Guest, IoT) because each additional SSID multiplies beacons, management frames, and airtime overhead. More SSIDs reduce throughput. Per-user or per-app SSID sprawl is a classic design mistake.

Question 24Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

Which strategy minimizes beacon airtime overhead in deployments with many SSIDs?

  1. Reduce SSID count, increase beacon interval (carefully), and raise minimum basic rates Correct answer.
  2. Broadcast beacons every 10 ms
  3. Disable beacons
  4. Use only 802.11b rates

Explanation

To minimize beacon overhead: reduce SSIDs (3-4 max), keep beacon interval at the default 100 ms (avoid raising excessively - many clients tolerate poorly), and raise minimum basic rates so beacons transmit faster. Disabling beacons breaks Wi-Fi. Using 802.11b rates forces long airtime per beacon.

Question 25Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

Which concept describes calculating the number of APs based on simultaneous client counts and application bandwidth?

  1. Coverage planning
  2. Capacity planning Correct answer.
  3. Spectrum planning
  4. Security planning

Explanation

Capacity planning relates actual concurrent demand and application behavior to the intended airtime/infrastructure design. Coverage planning addresses useful signal distribution. Application bitrates vary, so fixed voice, conferencing or streaming figures should be supplied project assumptions rather than universal bandwidth requirements.

Question 26Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

Which design concept recommends 15-25% cell overlap between neighboring APs for seamless client roaming?

  1. Cell isolation
  2. Cell overlap Correct answer.
  3. Sticky client
  4. Hidden node

Explanation

Cell overlap of 15-25% (at approximately -67 dBm for voice or -70 dBm for data) gives clients time to discover and roam to a better AP before losing the current one. Too little overlap creates dead zones; too much amplifies co-channel interference. Overlap is a core CWDP design parameter.

Question 27Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

For voice-over-Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi calling, SIP phones, Vocera badges), what RF signal design target is typical?

  1. -50 dBm everywhere
  2. -67 dBm or better, with 20-25% cell overlap and sub-150 ms roam times Correct answer.
  3. -90 dBm
  4. 0 dBm

Explanation

Voice-grade Wi-Fi design typically requires at least -67 dBm signal, SNR >= 25 dB, 20-25% cell overlap for seamless handoff, latency under 150 ms end-to-end, jitter under 30 ms, and packet loss under 1%. 802.11r/k/v and WMM/UAPSD must be enabled. Voice is more RF-demanding than data.

Question 28Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

Which client parameter most directly drives required per-AP throughput?

  1. Device color
  2. Application mix (voice, video, data, file sync) Correct answer.
  3. Screen size
  4. Battery type

Explanation

Per-AP throughput is driven by the number of concurrent clients multiplied by their application mix. Voice needs little (~100 kbps) but with strict latency; HD video like Teams needs 2-4 Mbps; 4K needs 25+ Mbps; file sync and OS updates burst higher. Accurate app-mix assumptions prevent under- or over-designed WLANs.

Question 29Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

Which factor affects how many clients a single radio can support simultaneously?

  1. Color of the AP
  2. Airtime contention, MU-MIMO/OFDMA capabilities, and application mix Correct answer.
  3. Switch PoE only
  4. Cable length

Explanation

Per-radio client capacity is driven by airtime contention (CSMA/CA), the AP's ability to serve multiple clients simultaneously (MU-MIMO, OFDMA), and per-client application demand. Vendor specs often cite 100-200 clients per radio theoretical, but real-world targets are 30-50 voice/video clients for best experience.

Question 30Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

Which term describes the design practice of placing APs relative to expected client density rather than uniformly?

  1. Uniform grid design
  2. Density-driven (capacity-driven) placement Correct answer.
  3. Random placement
  4. Coverage-only design

Explanation

Density-driven (or capacity-driven) design places more APs where clients are densely clustered - conference rooms, lecture halls, open bullpens - and fewer where density is low. Uniform grids waste APs and miss hotspots. Coverage-only designs (ensuring minimum RSSI everywhere) are insufficient for modern dense workloads.

Question 31RF measurements, antennas and link-budget assumptions

Which antenna type typically has a narrow directional beamwidth and is mounted on the side or end of a coverage area to focus RF inward?

  1. Omnidirectional dipole
  2. Patch / panel Correct answer.
  3. Low-gain ceiling
  4. Sleeve dipole

Explanation

A patch or panel antenna is directional among these choices and can focus coverage toward the intended area. Actual beamwidth, gain, mounting and polarization depend on the specific antenna; no generic60-to90degree or gain range is a universal property of every panel.

Question 32RF measurements, antennas and link-budget assumptions

For a warehouse with tall metal racking, which antenna design consideration is usually most important?

  1. Ceiling-mounted omnidirectional APs at 9 meters
  2. Directional antennas mounted between racks or at aisle ends to cover aisles Correct answer.
  3. Outdoor APs only
  4. Wall-mounted dipoles

Explanation

Tall metal racking in warehouses severely attenuates and reflects RF. Ceiling-mounted omnidirectional APs often fail to cover aisles below. Better practice is directional patch or Yagi antennas at aisle ends, or ceiling APs between racks, aimed down or along aisles. Survey and AP-on-a-stick validation are essential.

Question 33RF measurements, antennas and link-budget assumptions

Which antenna design consideration matters most for MU-MIMO and beamforming performance?

  1. Strictly identical antenna gain
  2. Spatial diversity and physical separation of antenna elements Correct answer.
  3. Lowest gain possible
  4. Single-antenna APs

Explanation

MU-MIMO and beamforming rely on independent spatial paths. APs use multiple physical antenna elements with sufficient separation (typically half-wavelength or more) and often dual-polarization to create diversity. This lets the AP differentiate clients spatially. Single-antenna APs cannot do MU-MIMO.

Question 34RF measurements, antennas and link-budget assumptions

Which outdoor antenna type is ideal for broad coverage of a parking lot from a single pole?

  1. Narrow-beam parabolic
  2. Sector antenna (e.g., 90 or 120 degree) Correct answer.
  3. Omnidirectional dipole only
  4. Patch mounted inside building

Explanation

Sector antennas (90 or 120 degree beamwidth, 13-17 dBi gain) on a pole cover broad outdoor areas like parking lots. Several sectors around a central pole provide 360-degree coverage. Parabolic dishes are for long-distance P2P. Omnidirectional antennas on poles spread energy wastefully in all directions.

Question 35WLAN forwarding, roaming and application architecture

Which PoE standard is required to power a typical tri-radio Wi-Fi 6E AP with multi-gig uplinks at full functionality?

  1. 802.3af (15.4 W)
  2. 802.3at / PoE+ (30 W)
  3. 802.3bt / PoE++ (60 W+) Correct answer.
  4. Passive PoE 24 V

Explanation

Tri-radio Wi-Fi 6E APs with 2.5/5/10 Gbps uplinks often exceed 30 W and require 802.3bt PoE++ (Type 3 or 4, up to 60-90 W). Using only 802.3at may put the AP in reduced functionality mode (radios or uplink disabled). The switch's total PoE budget must be verified.

Question 36WLAN forwarding, roaming and application architecture

A building with concrete floors needs Wi-Fi on every floor. Which cabling design is critical?

  1. A single long cable snaking through floors
  2. Per-floor structured cabling with IDFs/MDFs and Cat6/6a runs within 90 meters to each AP Correct answer.
  3. Coaxial only
  4. Wireless backhaul only

Explanation

Structured cabling puts an IDF on each floor with per-AP Cat6/6a runs under 90 meters (Ethernet standard). This supports PoE++, multi-gig uplinks, and redundancy. Long snaking cables exceed reach and PoE limits. Wireless backhaul is a fallback where cabling is impossible, not a preferred design.

Question 37WLAN forwarding, roaming and application architecture

Which technique controls how power flows from many Wi-Fi 6E/7 APs through a PoE switch?

  1. PoE budget management; selecting switches with sufficient total PoE wattage for all APs Correct answer.
  2. Random
  3. Manual power calculation only
  4. Unmanaged PoE

Explanation

Switch PoE budget must exceed the sum of all connected APs' peak demands. For example, 48 APs at 30 W each = 1440 W switch PoE budget. Wi-Fi 6E/7 APs often need 60-90 W via 802.3bt. Design must include the total switch PoE capacity, redundancy (dual PSUs), and future headroom.

Question 38WLAN forwarding, roaming and application architecture

Which fit-and-finish best practice applies to cable terminations at APs?

  1. Any length, any twist
  2. Maintain proper Cat6a twist up to the jack, preserve bend radius, and label both ends Correct answer.
  3. Crimp without tester
  4. No labeling required

Explanation

Cable terminations must maintain twist pair integrity up to the last half inch, preserve bend radius (at least 4x cable diameter for Cat6a), use tested RJ45 jacks or keystones, and label both ends consistently (e.g., AP-102-B to Switch-C1-P12). Untested terminations and poor bend cause intermittent issues, especially at multi-gig speeds.

Question 39WLAN forwarding, roaming and application architecture

Which listed802.11 amendment defines Fast BSS Transition to reduce relevant security-transition work, without guaranteeing every client roams within a fixed number of milliseconds?

  1. 802.11k
  2. 802.11v
  3. 802.11r Correct answer.
  4. 802.11w

Explanation

802.11r defines the relevant Fast BSS Transition behavior.802.11k and802.11v provide different assistance/information functions, while802.11w concerns relevant management-frame protection. Actual interruption depends on client, security and deployment; no fixed roaming duration is guaranteed by an amendment name.

Question 40WLAN forwarding, roaming and application architecture

Which standard helps a client discover neighboring APs and their channels to speed up roaming decisions?

  1. 802.11k Correct answer.
  2. 802.11r
  3. 802.11w
  4. 802.11e

Explanation

802.11k Radio Resource Management lets a client request a neighbor report from the current AP, listing nearby APs, channels, and BSSIDs. The client can then scan directly on those channels, reducing full off-channel scans. Combined with 802.11v BSS transition management, roaming becomes much more efficient.

Question 41WLAN forwarding, roaming and application architecture

Which roaming mechanism is not standardized but is widely implemented to avoid full 802.1X re-authentication?

  1. OKC (Opportunistic Key Caching) Correct answer.
  2. DHCP relay
  3. NAT
  4. DNSSEC

Explanation

OKC (Opportunistic Key Caching) is a widely implemented but non-standard pre-authentication technique where the AP caches PMKs from earlier 802.1X authentications and shares them across APs in the same mobility group. This allows fast roam without full EAP. 802.11r/FT is the standardized successor; many deployments use both.

Question 42WLAN forwarding, roaming and application architecture

Which feature of modern enterprise APs helps an AP notify a client of a better AP to roam to?

  1. 802.11k neighbor report
  2. 802.11v BSS Transition Management frame Correct answer.
  3. 802.11r FT
  4. 802.11w PMF

Explanation

802.11v BSS Transition Management (BTM) allows an AP to send a BTM Request frame hinting that the client should roam to a specific better AP. 802.11k provides the neighbor list; 802.11r provides fast key transition; 802.11w protects management frames. BTM is what actively nudges a sticky client to roam.

Question 43WLAN forwarding, roaming and application architecture

Which is a common mistake in Wi-Fi designs that causes poor roaming?

  1. Enabling 802.11k/v/r
  2. Setting AP minimum data rates extremely low (e.g., 1 Mbps) with high TX power and huge cells Correct answer.
  3. Running passive surveys
  4. Installing PoE++ switches

Explanation

Huge cells with low minimum data rates (1 Mbps basic) and high Tx power cause clients to 'stick' to far APs, rarely roam, and suffer poor performance. Best practice is to raise minimum rates (e.g., 12 or 24 Mbps), lower Tx power (10-15 dBm 5 GHz), and size cells for 20-25% overlap. This is a classic CWDP anti-pattern.

Question 44Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

A stadium design needs to cover a 60,000-seat bowl. Which antenna strategy is most appropriate?

  1. Ceiling omnidirectional APs
  2. Under-seat APs with directional patch antennas or overhead directional patches aimed at specific seating sections Correct answer.
  3. Outdoor Yagi array
  4. Single-floor wall-mount antennas

Explanation

Stadiums use under-seat APs or overhead directional patches aimed at specific seating sections, creating small sectorized cells. This provides the frequency reuse density and per-user capacity needed for 60k-plus attendees. Ceiling omnidirectional APs produce massive cells with unmanageable CCI. Vendors: Cisco StadiumVision, Aruba Stadium, Extreme.

Question 45Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

Which high-density design trade-off is usually made for stadium seating sections?

  1. Increase AP count, increase transmit power
  2. Increase AP count, decrease transmit power, narrow antenna beamwidth Correct answer.
  3. Decrease AP count, increase transmit power
  4. Keep default everything

Explanation

High-density designs increase AP count, decrease transmit power, and use narrow-beamwidth directional antennas to make each cell small. This enables aggressive channel reuse. Keeping high transmit power in dense environments produces massive co-channel interference and poor client experiences. Stadiums are the extreme case.

Question 46Requirements, capacity and accountable wireless design

For a high-density lecture hall with 400 Wi-Fi 6 students, roughly how many APs might be appropriate?

  1. 1
  2. 2
  3. 6-10 (depending on app mix and AP radios) Correct answer.
  4. 50

Explanation

High-density design for 400 concurrent Wi-Fi 6 users in a lecture hall usually calls for 6-10 APs (Wi-Fi 6 tri-radio, dual 5 GHz or 5+6 GHz), using directional patches aimed at seating sections, 40 MHz channels, aggressive rate minimums, and band/client steering. Exact number depends on application mix and vendor guidance.

Question 47RF measurements, antennas and link-budget assumptions

In outdoor point-to-point link design, what does 'Fresnel zone' refer to?

  1. A forbidden frequency range
  2. An elliptical RF propagation zone between antennas that should be at least 60% clear of obstacles Correct answer.
  3. A type of antenna connector
  4. A cable certification

Explanation

The Fresnel zone is an ellipsoid-shaped RF propagation region between two antennas. For acceptable link performance, at least 60% of the first Fresnel zone should be clear of obstacles (trees, buildings, terrain). Fresnel zone math, along with free-space path loss, feeds the link budget for outdoor bridges.

Question 48RF measurements, antennas and link-budget assumptions

Which outdoor design element is critical to prevent lightning-induced damage to APs?

  1. Higher transmit power
  2. Grounding and surge protection on cabling Correct answer.
  3. Shorter cables only
  4. Removing antenna gain

Explanation

Outdoor APs require proper grounding and surge/lightning protection at the antenna cable entry (using lightning arrestors with N-type or similar connectors), grounded enclosures, and correctly bonded building grounds. This protects the AP, PoE switch, and uplink equipment from transient strikes. Higher power and shorter cables do not mitigate lightning.

Question 49RF measurements, antennas and link-budget assumptions

Which wireless bridge configuration connects two buildings across a campus?

  1. Ad-hoc
  2. Point-to-point (P2P) Correct answer.
  3. Point-to-multipoint (P2MP)
  4. Mesh only

Explanation

A point-to-point (P2P) wireless bridge connects two buildings with directional antennas at each end. Point-to-multipoint (P2MP) connects one hub to several remote sites. Mesh is a self-forming multi-hop network. Ubiquiti airFiber, Cambium PTP, and Mimosa are common P2P bridge vendors.

Question 50RF measurements, antennas and link-budget assumptions

Which concept describes the link budget for an outdoor wireless bridge?

  1. Cost in dollars
  2. The RF math combining Tx power, antenna gains, path loss, and receiver sensitivity to determine if a link is viable Correct answer.
  3. The PoE watts
  4. The bandwidth percentage

Explanation

A link budget adds Tx power (dBm) plus antenna gains (dBi), subtracts cable losses and free-space path loss (FSPL = 20 log10(d) + 20 log10(f) + constant), then compares the result to the receiver sensitivity. A positive margin (fade margin of 10-20 dB) means the link is viable. This is core CWDP outdoor content.