Predictive, passive, active and spectrum observations
Choose an observation for the question
A predictive design models a location using supplied plans, device characteristics and material assumptions. A passive WLAN survey listens to relevant existing radio transmissions without associating as a traffic-generating client in the stated method. An active survey uses an appropriately authorized client connection and relevant traffic to evaluate the actual service. Spectrum analysis observes radio-frequency energy and can help investigate non-Wi-Fi sources. These methods complement one another and are not interchangeable names for a heatmap.
Control measurement assumptions
Record instrument calibration, adapter/antenna, supported bands, orientation, path, height, location and measurement time. A scanner cannot report an unsupported band simply because the network uses it. Different client radios can experience different results from the survey device, so compare representative capabilities and direction. A passive beacon observation does not prove successful authentication, address assignment, throughput or roaming. Likewise, a spectrum energy peak does not independently identify the exact device responsible.
Gather representative evidence
Validate occupied and busy conditions where relevant, including movable obstructions and client populations. For voice or interactive applications, investigate latency, loss, roaming interruption and actual dependency behavior under the agreed criteria. A supplied numerical threshold belongs to that requirement, not every application worldwide. Check uplink, PoE and network services so a wireless measurement is not blamed for a wired or identity failure. Predictive attenuation values should be refined by actual evidence rather than presented as universal material constants.
Report limits and corrective options
Link observations to the stated requirement and identify unresolved gaps. Distinguish measured values, inferred causes and recommendations. A single low signal reading does not automatically justify another AP, maximum transmitter power or disabled security. Compare alternative placements, antennas, channels or capacity with actual constraints. Retain accountable approval, verification and recovery for any later implementation. Site surveys and captures can expose personal or organizational information and require appropriate access and handling. These are written method-selection scenarios; no site is surveyed, no frame captured and no radio transmitted by this practice. Actual practical qualification and safe field work remain separate from a correct multiple-choice answer.