I85PREP
⌘ K
Estonian Language Proficiency Examination C1 study materials
Estonian Language Proficiency Examination C1 study resources

Estonian Language Proficiency Examination C1 practice questions

One question at a time. Build your Estonian Language Proficiency Examination C1 understanding.

First 50 of 190 questions. Each one lists the choices, the correct answer, and an explanation. The checker at the top of this page saves progress in this browser when it is available.

Continue in the practice tool above to load more questions, 50 at a time.

Question 1Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (tingiv kõneviis). (Choose the correct form - conditional mood.) 'Kui mul oleks rohkem raha, ma ______ uue auto.' (If I had more money, I would buy a new car.) [ostma – to buy]

  1. ostaksin (conditional, 1st sg - 'oleks...ostaksin') Correct answer.
  2. ostan (present indicative - 'I buy')
  3. ostsin (simple past indicative - 'I bought')
  4. ostnud (bare -nud participle, not a finite form)

Explanation

The present conditional (tingiv olevik) is formed by adding -ksi- plus a personal ending to the verb stem; 'ostaksin' ('I would buy') matches the hypothetical 'kui' clause with 'oleks'.

Question 2Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (tingiv minevik). (Choose the correct form - past conditional.) 'Kui ma oleksin varem teada saanud, ma ______ kohe appi.' (If I had found out earlier, I would have come to help immediately.) [tulema – to come]

  1. oleksin tulnud (past conditional, 1st sg - 'would have come') Correct answer.
  2. tuleksin (present conditional - would come, wrong tense for an unrealized past event)
  3. tulin (simple past indicative - states it as a real completed fact)
  4. oleks tulnud (conditional auxiliary agreeing with 3rd person, not 'ma')

Explanation

The past conditional (tingiv minevik), used for unreal past events, combines the conditional auxiliary 'oleksin' (for 'mina') with the -nud participle: 'oleksin tulnud' means 'I would have come'.

Question 3Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (tingiv minevik). (Choose the correct form - past conditional.) 'Kui ilm ei oleks nii halb olnud, me ______ matkama läinud.' (If the weather had not been so bad, we would have gone hiking.) [minema – to go]

  1. oleksime (past conditional auxiliary, 1st pl - 'oleksime läinud') Correct answer.
  2. oleme (present-tense auxiliary - forms present perfect, wrong mood)
  3. läheme (simple present indicative - no conditional meaning)
  4. oleksid (2nd sg/3rd-style conditional auxiliary - wrong person for 'me')

Explanation

Matching 'me' (we), the conditional auxiliary 'oleksime' plus the -nud participle 'läinud' gives 'oleksime läinud' ('we would have gone').

Question 4Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige kõige viisakam ja C1-tasemele sobiv vorm ametlikus e-kirjas. (Choose the most polite, C1-appropriate form for a formal email.) '______ Teil võimalik saata mulle lisainformatsiooni järgmise nädala jooksul?' (Would it be possible for you to send me additional information within the next week?) [olema – to be]

  1. Kas oleks (conditional - polite, hedged 'would it be') Correct answer.
  2. Kas on (present indicative - more direct, less hedged)
  3. Kas oli (simple past - wrong tense entirely)
  4. Kas oleks olnud (past conditional - implies the opportunity has already passed)

Explanation

Formal Estonian requests commonly hedge with the conditional 'oleks' ('kas oleks võimalik...') to soften a request politely, inviting a more tentative, courteous reading than the direct present tense.

Question 5Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (tingivast tuletatud modaalsus). (Choose the correct form - conditional-derived modal.) 'Uus seadus ______ jõustuma järgmise aasta algusest.' (The new law is supposed to enter into force at the start of next year.) [pidama – should/supposed to]

  1. peaks (conditional of 'pidama', tentative expectation - 'should/is supposed to') Correct answer.
  2. peab (present indicative - stronger, more certain obligation)
  3. pidi (simple past - past obligation, wrong tense)
  4. peaksid (plural form, mismatched with singular subject 'seadus')

Explanation

'Peaks' (conditional of 'pidama') expresses a tentative expectation ('is supposed to/should'), softer than the indicative 'peab' (must), and agrees with the singular subject 'seadus' (the law).

Question 6Estonian writing, register and argument

When writing a formal email to an official you do not know personally, which form of address is appropriate?

  1. teie (polite/formal "you") Correct answer.
  2. sina (informal "you")
  3. sa (casual short form)
  4. Using no pronoun and only first names

Explanation

"Teie" is the formal/polite second-person form used with strangers, officials and in formal writing, and is conventionally capitalized as "Teie" within the letter itself.

Question 7Estonian writing, register and argument

Which linking word best connects these two clauses to show a logical result: "Buss jäi hiljaks, ___ ma pidin taksot kutsuma." ("The bus was late, ___ I had to call a taxi.")

  1. seetõttu Correct answer.
  2. kuigi
  3. näiteks
  4. teisisõnu

Explanation

"Seetõttu" (therefore/as a result) signals a cause-effect relationship, correctly linking the late bus to the need to call a taxi.

Question 8Estonian writing, register and argument

Which word best fits to add a further supporting point: "Programm on korralikult koostatud. ___, seda juhendab kogenud spetsialist." ("The program is well designed. ___, it's guided by an experienced specialist.")

  1. Lisaks Correct answer.
  2. Vastupidi
  3. Kuid
  4. Selle asemel

Explanation

"Lisaks" (In addition/Furthermore) adds a supporting point, fitting the additive relationship between the two sentences, which both praise the program.

Question 9Estonian writing, register and argument

Which opening sentence is appropriate for a formal written complaint to a company?

  1. Pöördun Teie poole seoses ... probleemiga. Correct answer.
  2. Kuulge, teie firma on jama!
  3. Tere vend, kuula mida ma sulle räägin.
  4. Aitäh kõige eest, kõik on suurepärane!

Explanation

"Pöördun Teie poole seoses ..." (I am writing to you regarding...) is a standard, neutral, formal opening for a written complaint, using the capitalized formal "Teie".

Question 10Estonian reading and supported inference

Lugemine (Reading): Te loete uudist: 'Ettevõtte esindaja sõnul lahkuvat tegevjuht omal soovil, kuid mitteametlikest allikatest kostub teistsuguseid väiteid.' (According to the company representative, the CEO is reportedly leaving of their own accord, but unofficial sources suggest otherwise.) Miks kasutab ajakirjanik siin kaudset kõneviisi ('lahkuvat')? (Why does the journalist use the oblique mood 'lahkuvat' here?)

  1. Et anda edasi ettevõtte väidet, võtmata ise seisukohta selle tõesuse kohta (To relay the company's claim without personally taking a position on its truth) Correct answer.
  2. Et rõhutada, et lahkumine on kindlasti vabatahtlik (To emphasize that the departure is definitely voluntary)
  3. Sest tegemist on grammatiliselt kohustusliku vormiga kõikides lausetes (Because it's a grammatically mandatory form in all sentences)
  4. Et näidata, et sündmus toimub tulevikus (To show the event happens in the future)

Explanation

The oblique mood relays the company's claim while explicitly noting unofficial sources suggest otherwise - exactly the distancing function of kaudne kõneviis: reporting without vouching for the truth.

Question 11Estonian reading and supported inference

Lugemine (Reading): Te loete uudist: 'Väidetavalt ______ juhtkond otsuse juba eelmisel kuul, kuid avalikustas selle alles nüüd.' (The management reportedly made the decision already last month, but only made it public now.) [tegema – to make]

  1. teinuvat (past oblique/jussive - 'reportedly had made') Correct answer.
  2. teeb (present indicative - wrong tense and mood)
  3. tegi (simple past indicative - states as a confirmed fact)
  4. tehtud (bare participle - not a finite jussive form)

Explanation

The adverb 'väidetavalt' (allegedly) reinforces a hedged claim about a past event, so the past oblique/jussive 'teinuvat' ('tegema' + '-nud' + '-vat') is the grammatically consistent choice, matching both the past time frame and the source-distancing already signalled by 'väidetavalt'.

Question 12Estonian reading and supported inference

Lugemine (Reading): Te loete artikli katkendit: 'Kontrollrühma kasutamine võimaldas eristada sekkumise mõju looduslikust paranemisest, mis muidu oleks tulemustesse seguneda võinud.' (Using a control group made it possible to distinguish the intervention's effect from natural improvement, which might otherwise have been mixed into the results.) Miks kasutati uuringus kontrollrühma? (Why was a control group used in the study?)

  1. Et eristada sekkumise mõju looduslikust paranemisest (To distinguish the intervention's effect from natural improvement) Correct answer.
  2. Et suurendada valimi suurust (To increase the sample size)
  3. Et vähendada uuringu maksumust (To reduce the study's cost)
  4. Et kiirendada andmete kogumist (To speed up data collection)

Explanation

The excerpt directly states the control group let researchers separate the intervention's effect from natural improvement.

Question 13Estonian reading and supported inference

Lugemine (Reading): Te loete artikli katkendit: 'Käesolevas artiklis defineeritakse digitaalset kirjaoskust kui võimet kriitiliselt hinnata veebist leitud teavet, mitte ainult tehnilist oskust seadmeid kasutada.' (In this article, 'digital literacy' is defined as the ability to critically evaluate information found online, not merely the technical skill of using devices.) Kuidas defineerib autor digitaalset kirjaoskust? (How does the author define digital literacy?)

  1. Kui võimet kriitiliselt hinnata veebist leitud teavet (As the ability to critically evaluate information found online) Correct answer.
  2. Kui ainult tehnilist oskust seadmeid kasutada (As only the technical skill of using devices)
  3. Kui oskust programmeerida (As the ability to program)
  4. Kui kiirust internetis teavet leida (As the speed of finding information online)

Explanation

The excerpt explicitly defines digital literacy as the ability to critically evaluate online information, not just technical device skill.

Question 14Estonian reading and supported inference

Lugemine (Reading): Te loete katkendit: 'Sügisene tuul kandis kollaseid lehti mööda tühja tänavat, ja ainus heli oli kaupluseukse kell, mis helises iga kord, kui keegi harva sisse astus.' (The autumn wind carried yellow leaves down the empty street, and the only sound was the shop door's bell, which rang each time someone rarely stepped in.) Millist aastaaega katkend kirjeldab? (What season does the excerpt describe?)

  1. Sügist (Autumn) Correct answer.
  2. Kevadet (Spring)
  3. Suve (Summer)
  4. Talve (Winter)

Explanation

The text explicitly describes 'sügisene tuul' (autumn wind) and 'kollaseid lehti' (yellow leaves), directly identifying the season.

Question 15Estonian reading and supported inference

Lugemine (Reading): Te loete katkendit: 'Nende abielu oli nagu vana maja, mida keegi polnud aastaid remontinud - väljast nägi see endiselt tugev välja, kuid iga trepiaste krigises nüüd valjemini kui varem.' (Their marriage was like an old house no one had renovated in years - from outside it still looked sturdy, but every stair now creaked louder than before.) Mida võrdlus vana majaga väljendab abielu kohta? (What does the comparison to an old house express about the marriage?)

  1. Et abielu näib väliselt korras, kuid selle sees on kogunenud märkamata probleeme (That the marriage appears fine on the outside, but unnoticed problems have accumulated within it) Correct answer.
  2. Et nad kavatsevad osta uue maja (That they intend to buy a new house)
  3. Et abielu on täiesti probleemideta ja tugev (That the marriage is completely problem-free and strong)
  4. Et nad on hiljuti maja remontinud (That they have recently renovated the house)

Explanation

The metaphor's contrast between a sturdy-looking exterior and increasingly loud creaking stairs expresses accumulating, unaddressed problems beneath an outwardly fine appearance.

Question 16Estonian reading and supported inference

Lugemine (Reading): Te loete katkendit: 'Kell oli juba üksteist õhtul, kui Anna lõpuks arvutist tõusis, silmad kipitasid ja kohvitass laual oli ammu tühjaks joodud.' (It was already eleven at night when Anna finally got up from the computer, her eyes stinging and the coffee cup on the table long since emptied.) Mis kell Anna arvuti tagant tõusis? (What time did Anna get up from the computer?)

  1. Kell üksteist õhtul (At eleven in the evening) Correct answer.
  2. Kell üheksa hommikul (At nine in the morning)
  3. Kell kaks päeval (At two in the afternoon)
  4. Kell üksteist hommikul (At eleven in the morning)

Explanation

The text explicitly states 'kell oli juba üksteist õhtul' (it was already eleven in the evening), directly answering the question.

Question 17Estonian reading and supported inference

Lugemine (Reading): Te loete ametlikku teadet: 'Seoses struktuuriliste muudatustega optimeeritakse osakonna personalikoosseisu.' (In connection with structural changes, the department's staff composition will be optimized.) Mida see bürokraatlik sõnastus tegelikkuses kõige tõenäolisemalt tähendab? (What does this bureaucratic wording most likely actually mean?)

  1. Töökohti kavatsetakse koondada, kuid seda väljendatakse pehmendatud, ähmase sõnastusega (Jobs are planned to be cut, but this is expressed in softened, vague wording) Correct answer.
  2. Kõigile töötajatele tõstetakse palka (All employees will get a pay raise)
  3. Osakond saab juurde uusi töötajaid (The department will get new employees)
  4. Miski ei muutu osakonnas (Nothing will change in the department)

Explanation

'Personalikoosseisu optimeerimine' (optimizing staff composition) is a conventional bureaucratic euphemism commonly used to soften announcements of job cuts.

Question 18Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (segatud tingiv, mineviku tingimus ja oleviku tagajärg). (Choose the correct form - mixed conditional, past condition with present result.) 'Kui ta oleks tollal rohkem õppinud, tal ______ nüüd parem töökoht.' (If he/she had studied more back then, he/she would have a better job now.) [existential 'olema']

  1. oleks (present conditional, existential - mixed conditional: past cause, present hypothetical result) Correct answer.
  2. oleks olnud (past conditional - would place the result in the past, contradicting 'nüüd')
  3. on (present indicative - asserts a real current fact, contradicting the unreal 'kui' clause)
  4. oli (simple past indicative - asserts a real past fact, wrong mood and tense)

Explanation

This is a mixed conditional - an unreal past condition ('oleks õppinud') with a present hypothetical result - so the result clause uses the simple present conditional 'oleks', since the consequence is framed as true now, not in the past.

Question 19Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (tingiv kõneviis soovilauses). (Choose the correct form - conditional mood in a wish clause.) 'Ma sooviksin, et sa ______ homme minuga kohtuda.' (I wish you could meet with me tomorrow.) [saama – to be able to]

  1. saaksid (conditional, 2nd sg - 'could') Correct answer.
  2. saad (present indicative - states a direct current ability, not a wish)
  3. said (simple past indicative - describes a past ability, wrong tense)
  4. saaks (invariant third-person-style conditional - wrong person for 'sa')

Explanation

Wishes introduced with 'sooviksin, et...' take the conditional mood in the subordinate clause; for 'sa' (you, singular) this is 'saaksid'.

Question 20Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (tingiv kõneviis nõuandes). (Choose the correct form - conditional mood in advice.) 'Sinu asemel ma ______ selle lepingu enne allkirjastamist juristile.' (In your place, I would show this contract to a lawyer before signing.) [näitama – to show]

  1. näitaksin (conditional, 1st sg - 'would show') Correct answer.
  2. näitan (present indicative - a direct current action, not hypothetical advice)
  3. näitasin (simple past - states a completed past fact)
  4. näidatakse (impersonal present - removes the personal agent entirely)

Explanation

The advice-giving frame 'sinu asemel' (in your place) requires the conditional mood to express a hypothetical recommendation: 'näitaksin' means 'I would show'.

Question 21Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (tingiv kõneviis võrdluslauses). (Choose the correct form - conditional mood in a comparison clause.) 'Ta räägib eesti keelt nii ladusalt, nagu ______ ta emakeel.' (He/she speaks Estonian so fluently, as if it were his/her mother tongue.) [olema – to be]

  1. oleks (conditional, comparison 'as if' - 'nagu oleks') Correct answer.
  2. on (present indicative - would assert it genuinely IS the native language)
  3. oli (simple past indicative - wrong tense and still indicative)
  4. oleks olnud (past conditional - compares to a past unreal state, not the present)

Explanation

The comparative construction 'nagu + tingiv' ('as if') expresses an unreal comparison; 'nagu oleks' captures 'as if it were', matching the present, ongoing fluency being described.

Question 22Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige eitav vorm (tingiv kõneviis nõuandes). (Choose the correct negative form - conditional mood in advice.) 'Sa ______ nii palju ületunde tegema - see kahjustab lõpuks su tervist.' (You shouldn't work so much overtime - it will eventually harm your health.) [pidama – should]

  1. ei peaks (negative conditional of 'pidama' - 'shouldn't') Correct answer.
  2. ei pea (present indicative negative - 'don't have to/aren't required to')
  3. ei pidanud (simple past negative - 'didn't have to', wrong tense)
  4. ei peaksid (plural form, mismatched with singular 'sa')

Explanation

'Ei peaks' (negative conditional of 'pidama') gives tentative advice against an action ('shouldn't'), distinct from 'ei pea', which states a lack of obligation rather than advice.

Question 23Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (kaudne kõneviis). (Choose the correct form - oblique/reported mood.) Uudises: 'Politsei andmetel ______ kahtlusalune sündmuskohalt.' (According to police, the suspect reportedly fled the scene.) [põgenema – to flee]

  1. põgenevat (present oblique/jussive - 'reportedly flees/fled') Correct answer.
  2. põgenes (simple past indicative - states it as a confirmed fact)
  3. põgeneb (present indicative - states it as a direct current fact)
  4. põgenenud (bare -nud participle, not a finite jussive form)

Explanation

Kaudne kõneviis (the oblique/reported mood) uses the '-vat' suffix to relay a claim from a stated source ('politsei andmetel') without the writer vouching for it; 'põgenevat' signals 'reportedly flees/fled'.

Question 24Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (kaudne kõneviis, minevik). (Choose the correct form - oblique mood, past.) 'Naabrite sõnul ______ majas juba nädalaid keegi elanud.' (According to the neighbours, reportedly no one had lived in the house for weeks.) [elama – to live]

  1. olevat (oblique auxiliary + 'elanud' - 'reportedly had lived') Correct answer.
  2. elavat (present oblique - wrong tense, 'reportedly lives')
  3. elas (simple past indicative - asserts it as a confirmed fact)
  4. elanud (bare -nud participle, no jussive marking)

Explanation

Past kaudne kõneviis (oblique mood, past) is formed with the oblique auxiliary 'olevat' plus the -nud participle already present in the sentence: 'olevat elanud' conveys 'reportedly had lived', matching the past reference and the hedged, source-attributed framing ('naabrite sõnul').

Question 25Estonian grammar and language awareness

Milline lause väljendab, et info pärineb kellegi teise väitest, mille tõesust kirjutaja ei kinnita? (Which sentence expresses that the information comes from someone else's claim, whose truth the writer does not confirm?)

  1. 'Kuulujuttude kohaselt olevat firma pankrotis.' (According to rumours, the company is reportedly bankrupt.) Correct answer.
  2. 'Firma on pankrotis.' (The company is bankrupt.)
  3. 'Firma oli pankrotis.' (The company was bankrupt.)
  4. 'Firma läheb pankrotti.' (The company is going bankrupt.)

Explanation

'Olevat' is the present oblique/jussive form, explicitly marking the bankruptcy claim as relayed from rumours ('kuulujuttude kohaselt') rather than confirmed by the writer.

Question 26Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige eitav vorm (kaudne kõneviis). (Choose the correct negative form - oblique mood.) 'Tunnistaja sõnul kahtlusalune ______ sel õhtul kodust lahkunud.' (According to the witness, the suspect reportedly did not leave home that evening.) [lahkuma – to leave]

  1. ei olevat (negative oblique auxiliary + participle - 'ei olevat lahkunud') Correct answer.
  2. ei lahkunud (simple past negative indicative - asserts it as confirmed fact)
  3. ei lahku (present negative indicative - wrong tense, asserts as fact)
  4. ei oleks (conditional negative - wrong mood, expresses hypothetical)

Explanation

Negative kaudne kõneviis combines 'ei' with the oblique auxiliary 'olevat' plus the -nud participle: 'ei olevat lahkunud' relays the witness's claim ('reportedly did not leave') without the writer vouching for it.

Question 27Estonian grammar and language awareness

Mille poolest erineb kaudne kõneviis ('olevat') tingivast kõneviisist ('oleks')? (How does the oblique mood 'olevat' differ from the conditional mood 'oleks'?)

  1. Kaudne kõneviis annab edasi kellegi teise väidet, tingiv väljendab hüpoteetilist või soovitud olukorda (The oblique mood relays someone else's claim; the conditional expresses a hypothetical or desired situation) Correct answer.
  2. Mõlemad väljendavad täpselt sama tähendust igas kontekstis (Both express exactly the same meaning in every context)
  3. Kaudset kõneviisi kasutatakse ainult kirjanduses, tingivat ainult kõnekeeles (The oblique mood is used only in literature, the conditional only in spoken language)
  4. Tingiv annab edasi teiste väiteid, kaudne kõneviis väljendab hüpoteese (The conditional relays others' claims, the oblique mood expresses hypotheses)

Explanation

Kaudne kõneviis ('-vat'/'-nuvat') signals the writer is relaying an unverified claim from a source, common in journalism; tingiv ('-ksi-'/'oleks') expresses hypothetical, unreal, or wished-for situations - a distinct function.

Question 28Estonian grammar and language awareness

Milline sõna sisaldab kaudse kõneviisi tunnust '-vat'? (Which word contains the oblique-mood marker '-vat'?)

  1. tulevat (reportedly comes/is coming) Correct answer.
  2. tuleb (comes - present indicative)
  3. tuli (came - simple past indicative)
  4. tulnud (come - bare participle)

Explanation

'Tulevat' carries the '-vat' suffix marking the present oblique/jussive mood, used to relay another person's claim; the other options are plain indicative forms or a bare participle without this marker.

Question 29Estonian grammar and language awareness

Millises kontekstis on kaudse kõneviisi kasutamine kõige loomulikum? (In which context is using the oblique mood most natural?)

  1. Ajakirjanduses, kui antakse edasi allika kinnitamata väidet (In journalism, when relaying an unconfirmed claim from a source) Correct answer.
  2. Isikliku päeviku sissekandes kirjutaja enda kogemuse kohta (In a personal diary entry about the writer's own experience)
  3. Teadusartikli metoodikaosas, kus kirjeldatakse enda katse käiku (In a scientific article's methodology section describing one's own experiment)
  4. Ametlikus dokumendis, mis kinnitab fakti seaduse alusel (In an official document confirming a fact based on law)

Explanation

Kaudne kõneviis is most naturally used in journalism to relay a claim attributed to a source, without the writer personally vouching for its truth.

Question 30Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (verbi rektsioon). (Choose the correct form - verb case government.) 'Ta otsustas loobuda ______.' (He/she decided to give up the position.) [ametikoht – position/post]

  1. ametikohast (elative - governed by 'loobuma') Correct answer.
  2. ametikohta (partitive)
  3. ametikohale (allative)
  4. ametikohaga (comitative)

Explanation

'Loobuma' (to give up/renounce) governs the elative case ('millest loobuma'): 'ametikohast' is the elative singular of 'ametikoht' (position).

Question 31Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (verbi rektsioon). (Choose the correct form - verb case government.) 'Ettevõte pidi rahulduma ______, kuna parem pakkumine langes läbi.' (The company had to be satisfied with a lower price, since the better offer fell through.) [madalam hind – lower price]

  1. madalama hinnaga (comitative - governed by 'rahulduma') Correct answer.
  2. madalamat hinda (partitive)
  3. madalamale hinnale (allative)
  4. madalamast hinnast (elative)

Explanation

'Rahulduma' (to be satisfied with/settle for) governs the comitative case ('millega rahulduma'): 'madalama hinnaga' is the comitative singular.

Question 32Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (verbi rektsioon). (Choose the correct form - verb case government.) 'Prokuratuur süüdistab kahtlusalust ______.' (The prosecution accuses the suspect of fraud.) [pettus – fraud]

  1. pettuses (inessive - governed by 'süüdistama') Correct answer.
  2. pettust (partitive)
  3. pettusele (allative)
  4. pettusega (comitative)

Explanation

'Süüdistama' (to accuse) governs the inessive case for the charge/offense ('milles süüdistama'): 'pettuses' is the inessive singular of 'pettus' (fraud).

Question 33Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (verbi rektsioon). (Choose the correct form - verb case government.) 'Peaksime rohkem keskenduma ______.' (We should focus more on quality.) [kvaliteet – quality]

  1. kvaliteedile (allative - governed by 'keskenduma') Correct answer.
  2. kvaliteeti (partitive)
  3. kvaliteedist (elative)
  4. kvaliteediga (comitative)

Explanation

'Keskenduma' (to focus/concentrate on) governs the allative case ('millele keskenduma'): 'kvaliteedile' is the allative singular of 'kvaliteet' (quality).

Question 34Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (verbi rektsioon). (Choose the correct form - verb case government.) 'Paljud töötajad suhtuvad ______ umbusklikult.' (Many employees regard the reorganization with distrust.) [ümberkorraldus – reorganization]

  1. ümberkorraldusse (illative - governed by 'suhtuma') Correct answer.
  2. ümberkorraldust (partitive)
  3. ümberkorraldusega (comitative)
  4. ümberkorraldusele (allative)

Explanation

'Suhtuma' (to regard/have an attitude toward) governs the illative case for its object ('millesse suhtuma'): 'ümberkorraldusse' is the illative singular of 'ümberkorraldus' (reorganization).

Question 35Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (verbi rektsioon). (Choose the correct form - verb case government.) 'Arst soovitas patsiendil hoiduda ______ vähemalt kaks nädalat.' (The doctor advised the patient to refrain from physical exertion for at least two weeks.) [füüsiline pingutus – physical exertion]

  1. füüsilisest pingutusest (elative - governed by 'hoiduma') Correct answer.
  2. füüsilist pingutust (partitive)
  3. füüsilisele pingutusele (allative)
  4. füüsilise pingutusega (comitative)

Explanation

'Hoiduma' (to refrain from/abstain from) governs the elative case ('millest hoiduma'): 'füüsilisest pingutusest' is the elative singular of 'füüsiline pingutus' (physical exertion).

Question 36Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (omadussõna rektsioon). (Choose the correct form - adjective case government.) 'Juhtkond on ______ väga rahul.' (Management is very satisfied with the new strategy.) [uus strateegia – new strategy]

  1. uue strateegiaga (comitative - governed by 'rahul') Correct answer.
  2. uut strateegiat (partitive)
  3. uuele strateegiale (allative)
  4. uuest strateegiast (elative)

Explanation

The predicate adjective 'rahul' (satisfied) governs the comitative case ('rahul millega'): 'uue strateegiaga' is the comitative singular of 'uus strateegia' (new strategy).

Question 37Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (kaassõna rektsioon). (Choose the correct form - postposition case government.) '______ hoolimata jätkas ta tööd.' (Despite the difficulties, he/she continued working.) [raskused – difficulties]

  1. Raskustest (elative - governed by 'hoolimata') Correct answer.
  2. Raskusi (partitive)
  3. Raskustele (allative)
  4. Raskustega (comitative)

Explanation

The postposition 'hoolimata' (despite/regardless of) governs the elative case: 'raskustest hoolimata' means 'despite the difficulties'.

Question 38Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (kaassõna rektsioon). (Choose the correct form - postposition case government.) 'Tänu ______ jõudsime õigeks ajaks kohale.' (Thanks to the taxi driver, we arrived on time.) [taksojuht – taxi driver]

  1. taksojuhile (allative - governed by 'tänu') Correct answer.
  2. taksojuhti (partitive)
  3. taksojuhist (elative)
  4. taksojuhiga (comitative)

Explanation

The postposition 'tänu' (thanks to) governs the allative case: 'tänu taksojuhile' means 'thanks to the taxi driver'.

Question 39Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (verbi rektsioon). (Choose the correct form - verb case government.) 'Otsuse tulemus sõltub suuresti ______.' (The outcome of the decision depends largely on the committee's opinion.) [komisjoni arvamus – the committee's opinion]

  1. komisjoni arvamusest (elative - governed by 'sõltuma') Correct answer.
  2. komisjoni arvamust (partitive)
  3. komisjoni arvamusele (allative)
  4. komisjoni arvamusega (comitative)

Explanation

'Sõltuma' (to depend on) governs the elative case ('millest sõltuma'): 'komisjoni arvamusest' is the elative singular of 'komisjoni arvamus' (the committee's opinion).

Question 40Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (tud-kesksõna translatiivis). (Choose the correct form - tud-participle in the translative case.) 'Leping loetakse ______, kui mõlemad pooled on selle allkirjastanud.' (The contract is considered concluded once both parties have signed it.) [sõlmima – to conclude/enter into]

  1. sõlmituks (translative of the tud-participle - 'loetakse sõlmituks' = considered concluded) Correct answer.
  2. sõlminud (nud-participle, active - describes an agent, not the contract's state)
  3. sõlmiv (v-participle, active/agent - 'concluding', wrong voice)
  4. sõlmides (des-converb - 'while concluding', wrong construction)

Explanation

'Lugema millekski' (to consider/deem something as X) takes the translative case; the passive tud-participle 'sõlmitud' becomes 'sõlmituks' in the translative, meaning 'considered concluded' - describing the contract's resulting state.

Question 41Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (nuna-vorm). (Choose the correct form - the '-nuna' participle form.) '______ kogenud jurist, märkas ta kohe lepingu nõrka kohta.' (Having been an experienced lawyer, he/she immediately noticed the weak point in the contract.) [olema – to be]

  1. Olnuna (nuna-participle - 'having been', a completed prior state as reason) Correct answer.
  2. Olles (des-converb - 'being', simultaneous state, not prior)
  3. Olnud (bare nud-participle - cannot stand alone as this adverbial clause head)
  4. Oleks (conditional - wrong mood, hypothetical rather than factual)

Explanation

The '-nuna' form (the -nud participle plus '-na') expresses 'having been/done X' as a completed circumstance explaining the main clause; 'olnuna' here means 'having been [an experienced lawyer]'.

Question 42Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (mata-vorm). (Choose the correct form - the '-mata' form.) 'Ta allkirjastas lepingu, seda hoolikalt läbi ______.' (He/she signed the contract without reading it carefully.) [lugema – to read]

  1. lugemata (mata-form - 'without reading') Correct answer.
  2. lugenud (nud-participle - 'having read', opposite meaning)
  3. lugedes (des-converb - 'while reading', implies it did happen)
  4. loetud (tud-participle - 'read', a passive descriptive form)

Explanation

The '-mata' form expresses an action that did not happen ('without doing X'); 'lugemata' here means 'without reading [it]', matching the implied carelessness of signing.

Question 43Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (des-vorm). (Choose the correct form - the '-des' converb.) 'Ta rääkis telefoniga, samal ajal auto ______.' (He/she talked on the phone while driving the car.) [juhtima – to drive]

  1. juhtides (des-converb - 'while driving') Correct answer.
  2. juhtinud (nud-participle - 'having driven', implies prior completion)
  3. juhib (present indicative - a separate finite verb)
  4. juhtimata (mata-form - 'without driving', opposite meaning)

Explanation

The '-des' converb expresses an action happening simultaneously with the main action; 'juhtides' means 'while driving', matching 'samal ajal' (at the same time).

Question 44Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige lause, mis kõige täpsemalt väljendab sama tähendust ametlikus, kirjalikus registris kui 'leping, mille pooled on allkirjastanud'. (Choose the sentence that most precisely expresses the same meaning in a formal, written register as 'the contract that the parties have signed'.)

  1. 'poolte poolt allkirjastatud leping' (the contract signed by the parties - a condensed, formal tud-participle phrase) Correct answer.
  2. 'leping, mis pooli allkirjastab' (the contract that signs the parties - reverses agent and patient roles)
  3. 'leping, mis on pooltele allkirjastamata' (the contract that is unsigned for the parties - adds a negation, changing the meaning)
  4. 'pooled, kes on lepingu allkirjastanud' (the parties who have signed the contract - shifts the head noun to 'the parties')

Explanation

Formal written Estonian frequently compresses a relative clause into a preposed tud-participle phrase: 'poolte poolt allkirjastatud leping' is the condensed, formal equivalent of the fuller relative clause, commonly preferred in official documents and academic writing.

Question 45Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (tud-kesksõna omadussõnana). (Choose the correct form - tud-participle used as an adjective.) '______ dokumendid tuleb esitada kantseleisse.' (The completed documents must be submitted to the registry.) [täitma – to complete/fill in]

  1. Täidetud (tud-participle, passive - 'completed', the documents' resulting state) Correct answer.
  2. Täitnud (nud-participle, active - describes an agent who has completed something)
  3. Täites (des-converb - 'while completing', an adverbial, not an adjective)
  4. Täitmata (mata-form - 'not completed/incomplete', opposite meaning)

Explanation

'Täidetud' (tud-participle) describes the documents' resulting passive state - having been filled in/completed - matching 'dokumendid' as the head noun.

Question 46Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm ('jätma' + mata-vorm, tähenduses 'jätma tegemata'). (Choose the correct form - 'jätma' plus the '-mata' form, meaning 'to fail to do/leave undone'.) 'Ta jättis toa enne külaliste saabumist ______.' (He/she failed to clean the room before the guests arrived.) [koristama – to clean]

  1. koristamata (mata-form, with 'jätma' - 'left uncleaned/failed to clean') Correct answer.
  2. koristanud (nud-participle - 'having cleaned', the opposite)
  3. koristades (des-converb - 'while cleaning', wrong construction)
  4. koristatud (tud-participle - 'cleaned', the opposite completed state)

Explanation

The construction 'jätma' + '-mata' form is a standard idiom meaning 'to fail to do/leave undone': 'jättis koristamata' means 'failed to clean/left uncleaned'.

Question 47Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (tud-kesksõna omadussõnana). (Choose the correct form - tud-participle used as an adjective.) 'Aken on terve päeva ______ olnud.' (The window has been open all day.) [avama – to open]

  1. avatud (tud-participle - 'open/opened', the window's resulting state) Correct answer.
  2. avanud (nud-participle, active - describes an agent who opened something)
  3. avades (des-converb - 'while opening', an adverbial form)
  4. avamata (mata-form - 'unopened', opposite meaning)

Explanation

'Avatud' (tud-participle) functions as an adjective describing the window's resulting state of being open; it combines naturally with 'olnud' (has been) to describe a state persisting all day.

Question 48Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (des-vorm). (Choose the correct form - the '-des' converb.) 'Ta õppis eesti keelt, samal ajal Tallinnas ______.' (He/she learned Estonian while living in Tallinn.) [elama – to live]

  1. elades (des-converb - 'while living') Correct answer.
  2. elanud (nud-participle - 'having lived', implies completion)
  3. elab (present indicative - a separate finite verb)
  4. elamata (mata-form - 'without living', opposite meaning)

Explanation

The '-des' converb expresses simultaneity with the main action; 'elades' means 'while living', matching 'samal ajal' (at the same time).

Question 49Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (nuna-vorm). (Choose the correct form - the '-nuna' participle form.) '______ oma vea, ta vabandas kohe klientide ees.' (Having realized his/her mistake, he/she apologized to the clients immediately.) [mõistma – to realize/understand]

  1. Mõistnuna (nuna-participle - 'having realized', a completed prior cause) Correct answer.
  2. Mõistes (des-converb - 'while realizing', implies simultaneity)
  3. Mõistetud (tud-participle - passive 'realized/understood', wrong voice here)
  4. Mõistvat (present oblique/jussive - 'reportedly understands', wrong mood)

Explanation

'Mõistnuna' (the '-nuna' form) expresses a completed prior circumstance explaining the main action: 'having realized his/her mistake' sets up the reason for the immediate apology.

Question 50Estonian grammar and language awareness

Milline lausepaar näitab õigesti sama sisu ametlikus ja kõnekeelses registris? (Which sentence pair correctly shows the same content in formal versus colloquial register?) A: 'Palume Teil eelnimetatud dokumendid esitada hiljemalt käesoleva kuu lõpuks.' (We request that you submit the aforementioned documents by the end of this month.) B: 'Saada need paberid ära selle kuu lõpuks, eks.' (Send those papers over by the end of the month, yeah?)

  1. Lause A on ametlik register, lause B on kõnekeelne register, väljendades sama sisu (Sentence A is formal register, sentence B is colloquial register, expressing the same content) Correct answer.
  2. Lause A on kõnekeelne, lause B on ametlik (Sentence A is colloquial, sentence B is formal)
  3. Mõlemad laused on ühesuguse formaalsusastmega (Both sentences have the same level of formality)
  4. Lause B kasutab rohkem ametlikke sõnu kui lause A (Sentence B uses more formal words than sentence A)

Explanation

Sentence A uses bureaucratic vocabulary and structure ('palume Teil', 'eelnimetatud'), while sentence B uses casual vocabulary and the spoken discourse particle 'eks', making them a genuine formal/colloquial pair for the same request.