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Cantabria PAU History of Spain study materials
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Cantabria PAU History of Spain practice questions

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Question 1Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

¿En qué año contrajeron matrimonio Isabel de Castilla y Fernando de Aragón, unión que tradicionalmente se considera el punto de partida de la monarquía de los Reyes Católicos?

  1. 1474
  2. 1479
  3. 1469 Correct answer.
  4. 1492

Explanation

La boda se celebró en Valladolid en 1469, aunque Isabel no accedió al trono castellano hasta 1474 y Fernando al aragonés en 1479. La fecha de 1469 se emplea habitualmente como inicio simbólico del reinado conjunto.

Question 2Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

What was the immediate political outcome of the Mutiny of Aranjuez (Motín de Aranjuez) in March 1808?

  1. The immediate adoption of the liberal Constitution of Cádiz by the Royal Council
  2. The execution of Napoleon Bonaparte's brother Joseph and the retreat of French forces
  3. The formal abolition of the Inquisition and the establishment of a Spanish Republic
  4. The dismissal of Prime Minister Manuel Godoy and the abdication of King Carlos IV in favor of his son Fernando VII Correct answer.

Explanation

The Mutiny of Aranjuez in March 1808 was a popular uprising incited by supporters of Prince Fernando against Chief Minister Manuel Godoy and King Carlos IV. It forced Godoy's removal from power and Carlos IV's abdication in favor of Fernando VII, creating a power vacuum that Napoleon exploited at Bayonne.

Question 3Restoration and its crises

Which military uprising in September 1868 successfully dethroned Queen Isabel II and initiated the Sexenio Democrático?

  1. The Vicalvarada led by General O'Donnell
  2. The coup of General Pavía in the Cortes
  3. La Gloriosa (The Glorious Revolution) led by Admiral Topete, General Prim, and General Serrano Correct answer.
  4. The Carlist assault on Bilbao led by General Zumalacárregui

Explanation

La Gloriosa began in September 1868 with Admiral Juan Bautista Topete's naval revolt in Cádiz, supported by Generals Juan Prim and Francisco Serrano. After defeating loyalist troops at the Battle of Alcolea, Isabel II went into exile in France, launching the Sexenio Democrático (1868–1874).

Question 4Republic, Civil War and twentieth-century context

What was agreed upon at the Pact of San Sebastián (Pacto de San Sebastián) in August 1930?

  1. A coalition strategy among Republican political figures, Catalans, and Socialists to overthrow King Alfonso XIII's monarchy and establish a democratic Republic Correct answer.
  2. An economic treaty allocating Basque steel mills to foreign investors
  3. A military pact between General Franco and the Carlist leadership
  4. A secret treaty restoring the Inquisition across northern Spain

Explanation

On August 17, 1930, representatives of various anti-monarchist forces (Alcalá-Zamora, Azaña, Lerroux, Catalan nationalists like Carrasco i Formiguera, and later Socialists like Indalecio Prieto) met in San Sebastián. They established a revolutionary committee to coordinate political and military action to overthrow the monarchy and institute the Second Republic.

Question 5Francoism and its historical setting

What was established by Franco's Unification Decree (Decreto de Unificación) in April 1937?

  1. The merging of all Spanish banking institutions into the Bank of Spain
  2. The permanent unification of Spain, Portugal, and Andorra into one kingdom
  3. The immediate restoration of the 1876 Constitution across all rebel zones
  4. The forced merger of Falange Española and the Carlist Requetés into a single state party (FET y de las JONS), placing total political leadership under General Franco Correct answer.

Explanation

Issued on April 19, 1937, the Decreto de Unificación merged the fascist Falange (José Antonio Primo de Rivera's party) and traditionalist Carlist Comunión Tradicionalista into a single official state party: Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS (the Movimiento Nacional), under Franco's absolute leadership.

Question 6Democratic transition and territorial autonomy

Who assumed office as Head of State following the death of General Francisco Franco on November 20, 1975?

  1. Carlos Arias Navarro as permanent Dictator
  2. King Juan Carlos I de Borbón, who was sworn in before the Francoist Cortes according to the 1947 Law of Succession Correct answer.
  3. Felipe González as President of the Second Republic
  4. Adolfo Suárez as Military Regent

Explanation

Upon Franco's death on November 20, 1975, Prince Juan Carlos de Borbón (designated successor under the 1947 Law of Succession and 1969 appointment) was proclaimed King Juan Carlos I on November 22, 1975. He subsequently steered the crown toward establishing a parliamentary democracy.

Question 7Historical source analysis and reasoning

En el análisis de fuentes para la Historia de España, ¿qué característica distingue esencialmente a una fuente primaria de una secundaria?

  1. La fuente primaria es siempre oficial y la secundaria es siempre privada.
  2. La fuente primaria se conserva en archivos y la secundaria se publica en libros.
  3. La fuente primaria procede del momento o de los protagonistas del hecho estudiado, mientras que la secundaria lo interpreta a partir de otras fuentes. Correct answer.
  4. La fuente primaria siempre está manuscrita y la secundaria siempre está impresa.

Explanation

La distinción entre fuente primaria y secundaria es de posición respecto al hecho: la primaria es contemporánea o testimonio directo, y la secundaria es una elaboración posterior que reelabora testimonios ajenos. El soporte material, la titularidad o el lugar de conservación no determinan esa condición.

Question 8Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

Which site in the Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos) has yielded the oldest human fossils in Western Europe, attributed to Homo antecessor?

  1. Gran Dolina Correct answer.
  2. Cueva del Castillo
  3. Altamira
  4. Torralba y Ambrona

Explanation

The Gran Dolina site at Atapuerca (Burgos) led to the 1994 identification of Homo antecessor, a hominin species dated to more than 800,000 years ago. The find reshaped theories of Europe’s earliest peopling.

Question 9Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

What name is given to the process by which peninsular peoples assimilated Rome’s culture, language (Latin), law, and social organization?

  1. Hellenization
  2. Romanization Correct answer.
  3. Visigothic acculturation
  4. Reconquista

Explanation

Romanization was the integration of the Iberian Peninsula into Roman civilization after conquest. It involved adopting Latin, Roman law, public works, and urban ways of life.

Question 10Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

At which 589 event did Visigothic king Reccared abandon Arianism, convert to Catholicism, and religiously unify the kingdom?

  1. Council of Elvira
  2. Treaty of Tudmir
  3. Third Council of Toledo Correct answer.
  4. Peace of the Pyrenees

Explanation

At the Third Council of Toledo (589), Reccared abjured Arianism and proclaimed Catholicism the official religion of the Visigothic Kingdom, consolidating ties between the Visigothic nobility and the Hispano-Roman population.

Question 11Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

Which battle around 722 in Asturias is traditionally treated as the start of the Christian Reconquista led by Don Pelayo?

  1. Battle of Guadalete
  2. Battle of Poitiers
  3. Battle of Simancas
  4. Battle of Covadonga Correct answer.

Explanation

The Battle of Covadonga (c. 722) is remembered as the first check on Muslim expansion in the northern peninsula and the mythic-historical starting point of the Kingdom of Asturias under Don Pelayo.

Question 12Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

What did the marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon (the Catholic Monarchs) mean for Iberian history?

  1. Dynastic union of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon under joint monarchy without full institutional merger Correct answer.
  2. Immediate creation of a unitary centralized Spanish nation-state abolishing all kingdoms
  3. Transfer of the Portuguese crown to Castile by hereditary right
  4. Restoration of the Caliphate of Córdoba under Christian protection

Explanation

The Catholic Monarchs’ marriage created a dynastic union of Castile and Aragon. Each crown kept its own laws and institutions; political unity advanced gradually rather than through instant institutional fusion.

Question 13Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

Which of the following events did NOT take place in the emblematic year 1492 during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs?

  1. The conquest and incorporation of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada
  2. The publication of the Nueva Planta Decrees Correct answer.
  3. The signing of the decree expelling the Jews
  4. The arrival of Christopher Columbus’s expedition in America

Explanation

The Nueva Planta Decrees were issued by Philip V between 1707 and 1716, more than two centuries later. The year 1492 was marked by Granada’s fall, the Jewish expulsion decree, and Columbus’s voyage.

Question 14Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

What direct political consequence followed the abolition of the Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031?

  1. Total unification of the peninsula under the Kingdom of León
  2. Immediate invasion by Carolingian empires
  3. Fragmentation of Al-Andalus into multiple independent taifa kingdoms Correct answer.
  4. The definitive end of Islamic presence in the Iberian Peninsula

Explanation

The Andalusi caliphate’s crisis culminated in 1031 with the deposition of the last caliph Hisham III and the division of Islamic territory into more than twenty small autonomous political entities known as taifas.

Question 15Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

Why is the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) considered a decisive turning point in the Reconquista?

  1. Because it meant Portugal’s definitive annexation to Castile
  2. Because it caused the expulsion of the Moriscos from Iberia
  3. Because it restored the Visigothic kingdom in Toledo
  4. Because the Christian coalition’s victory opened the Guadalquivir valley to Castilian–Leonese advance Correct answer.

Explanation

Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) united Alfonso VIII of Castile, Peter II of Aragon, and Sancho VII of Navarre against the Almohad Empire. Their crushing victory broke the frontier balance and opened Andalusia to Christian expansion.

Question 16Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

Which privileged institution did Alfonso X the Wise found in 1273 to organize Castile’s transhumant Merino sheep husbandry?

  1. The Honrado Concejo de la Mesta Correct answer.
  2. The Casa de Contratación of Seville
  3. The Consolat de Mar
  4. The Tribunal of the Holy Office

Explanation

The Honrado Concejo de la Mesta (1273) grouped Castilian herders with important passage and pasture privileges and boosted Merino wool for export.

Question 17Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

What cause triggered the Revolt of the Comuneros of Castile (1520–1521) led by Juan de Padilla, Juan Bravo, and Francisco Maldonado?

  1. Imposition of Lutheran Protestantism in Castilian towns
  2. Anger at a foreign monarch (Charles I) who gave offices to Flemish advisers and demanded heavy taxes Correct answer.
  3. The king’s attempt to suppress Catholicism in favor of Islam
  4. Abolition of seigneurial regimes and land redistribution to peasants

Explanation

The Comunero revolt erupted when Charles I extracted subsidies from the Cortes to fund his German imperial coronation and favored foreign advisers such as Chièvres, alienating Castilian cities.

Question 18Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

Which religious and social minority was expelled from Iberia in 1609 under Philip III and the Duke of Lerma’s favor?

  1. Jewish conversos (marranos)
  2. Mozarab Protestants
  3. The Moriscos Correct answer.
  4. The Roma of Sacromonte

Explanation

The 1609 Morisco expulsion decree forced exile on some 300,000 descendants of converted Muslims, with severe demographic and agricultural effects, especially in Valencia’s huertas.

Question 19Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

Which centralizing project promoted by the Count-Duke of Olivares in 1626 sought equal military and financial contributions from all kingdoms of the Hispanic Monarchy?

  1. The Única Contribución
  2. The Nueva Planta Decrees
  3. The Fleets and Galleons Project
  4. The Union of Arms (Unión de Armas) Correct answer.

Explanation

The Unión de Armas (1626) aimed to create a permanent army of about 140,000 men funded proportionally by peninsular and Italian realms; resistance to this breach of fueros helped spark mid-century revolts.

Question 20Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

Which 1659 peace treaty certified the Hispanic Monarchy’s declining European hegemony and the cession of Roussillon and Cerdagne to France?

  1. Treaty of the Pyrenees Correct answer.
  2. Peace of Utrecht
  3. Peace of Basel
  4. Treaty of Tordesillas

Explanation

The Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) ended the Franco-Spanish war begun in the Thirty Years’ War era. Spain ceded Roussillon, part of Cerdagne, and other places to Louis XIV’s France.

Question 21Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

Which international and civil war (1701–1714) followed the death without heirs of Charles II “the Bewitched”?

  1. The Portuguese Restoration War
  2. The War of the Spanish Succession Correct answer.
  3. The Eighty Years’ War
  4. The War of the Communities

Explanation

The War of the Spanish Succession pitted supporters of Philip of Anjou (backed by France and Castile) against Archduke Charles of Austria (backed by Britain, the Dutch, and the Crown of Aragon).

Question 22Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

What was the fundamental institutional consequence of Philip V’s Nueva Planta Decrees after the War of the Spanish Succession?

  1. Independence for Valencia, Mallorca, and Aragon
  2. Creation of a federal parliamentary monarchy
  3. Abolition of the fueros and distinctive institutions of the Crowns of Aragon Correct answer.
  4. Elimination of Basque and Navarrese fueros for fighting with Archduke Charles

Explanation

The Nueva Planta Decrees (1707–1716) abolished Cortes, fueros, and councils of Valencia, Aragon, Mallorca, and Catalonia for supporting the Austrian side, imposing Castilian absolutist administration.

Question 23Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

Which monarch best embodied enlightened despotism in Spain under the motto “Everything for the people, but without the people”?

  1. Philip V
  2. Charles IV
  3. Ferdinand VII
  4. Charles III Correct answer.

Explanation

Charles III (1759–1788) is the prototype enlightened sovereign. With ministers such as Esquilache, Campomanes, Floridablanca, and Jovellanos, he promoted economic, agrarian, urban, and educational reforms from above.

Question 24Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

What was the large socioeconomic investigation promoted in 1749 by the Marquis of Ensenada under Ferdinand VI?

  1. An exhaustive census of property, wealth, and householders in Castile to introduce a single proportional tax Correct answer.
  2. A register of Castilian military-order knights for forced recruitment
  3. An inventory of Church goods for immediate public auction
  4. An audit of the Casa de Contratación accounts in Cádiz

Explanation

The Cadastre of Ensenada (1749) was the Old Regime’s most detailed Castilian fiscal survey, meant to value local territorial and personal wealth and replace the complex tax maze with a single contribution.

Question 25Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

In Al-Andalus social structure, what precise distinction existed between the terms “Mozarabs” and “Muladis”?

  1. Mozarabs were Arabs from the East; Muladis were Berbers from North Africa
  2. Mozarabs were Christians who kept their faith under Muslim rule; Muladis were Hispano-Romans converted to Islam Correct answer.
  3. Mozarabs were freed slaves; Muladis were high caliphal officials
  4. Mozarabs were Jews of the aljamas; Muladis were foreign merchants

Explanation

Andalusi society was plural. Mozarabs remained Christian while paying specific taxes (jizya/kharaj), whereas Muladis were local converts who formed much of the indigenous Muslim population.

Question 26Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

Which medieval legal-institutional body regulated the Crown of Aragon’s international maritime trade in major Mediterranean ports?

  1. The Siete Partidas
  2. The Forum Iudicum
  3. The Llibre del Consulat de Mar Correct answer.
  4. The Usatges of Barcelona

Explanation

The Llibre del Consulat de Mar compiled maritime commercial law developed by the Consulates of the Sea (Valencia, Barcelona, Mallorca) and became a widely referenced mercantile code.

Question 27Old regime and early-modern Spanish monarchy

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) between the Catholic Monarchs and John II of Portugal stipulate?

  1. Exclusive Spanish monopoly over the entire Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
  2. A military alliance for joint war on North African Islamic kingdoms
  3. Castilian commercial rights over sea routes around Africa to India
  4. It moved the dividing line to 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, granting Portugal the territory of Brazil Correct answer.

Explanation

Tordesillas (1494) modified the 1493 papal bull by drawing a meridian 370 leagues west of Cape Verde. The eastern hemisphere went to Portugal (enabling Brazil’s colonization); the west to Castile.

Question 28Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

Which 1807 treaty between Manuel Godoy and Napoleon Bonaparte allowed French troops through Spain on the pretext of invading Portugal?

  1. Treaty of Fontainebleau Correct answer.
  2. Treaty of Valençay
  3. Treaty of Utrecht
  4. Treaty of San Ildefonso

Explanation

Fontainebleau (1807) authorized Napoleonic armies to enter Spain to occupy Portugal. Their prolonged presence became a covert invasion of Spain itself.

Question 29Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

Which popular and noble revolt in March 1808 forced Manuel Godoy’s dismissal and Charles IV’s abdication in favor of Ferdinand VII?

  1. The Esquilache Riots
  2. The Mutiny of Aranjuez Correct answer.
  3. The Dos de Mayo uprising
  4. The Vicalvarada

Explanation

The Mutiny of Aranjuez (17–19 March 1808), driven by the Fernandine party against Godoy, forced the favorite’s fall and made Charles IV yield the crown to Ferdinand VII.

Question 30Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

Which popular event in Madrid on 2 May 1808 marked the tragic start of the Spanish War of Independence?

  1. Proclamation of the Cádiz Constitution in the Puerta del Sol
  2. Landing of Wellington’s British troops in Alicante
  3. Armed uprising of the people of Madrid repressed by General Murat’s French troops Correct answer.
  4. Public execution of Manuel Godoy in the Royal Palace

Explanation

On 2 May 1808, as the last royals left for France, Madrileños rose against Napoleonic troops. Murat’s bloody repression and the executions of the 3rd of May ignited nationwide resistance.

Question 31Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

Which innovative democratic principle did Spain’s 1812 Constitution (“La Pepa”) enshrine for the first time?

  1. Sovereignty shared indivisibly between king and Cortes
  2. Royal absolutism based on divine right
  3. Immediate creation of a federal Spanish-American republic
  4. National sovereignty residing in the Spanish nation as a whole Correct answer.

Explanation

The Cádiz Constitution of 1812 proclaimed in Article 3 that sovereignty essentially resides in the Nation, breaking absolutism’s exclusive royal sovereignty.

Question 32Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

Which ideological motto summarized the absolutist and foralist aspirations of supporters of Infante Don Carlos in the Carlist Wars?

  1. “God, Fatherland, King, Fueros” Correct answer.
  2. “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
  3. “Spain one, great and free”
  4. “Down with the consumos and long live the Republic”

Explanation

Carlism embodied absolutist, traditionalist defense of Navarrese and Basque foral institutions. Its rallying motto was “Dios, Patria, Rey, Fueros.”

Question 33Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

Which progressive minister carried out the famous 1836 ecclesiastical disentailment during María Cristina’s regency?

  1. Pascual Madoz
  2. Juan Álvarez Mendizábal Correct answer.
  3. Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos
  4. Claudio Moyano

Explanation

Mendizábal decreed in 1836 the seizure and public auction of regular clergy property to finance the liberal army in the First Carlist War and reshape landownership.

Question 34Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

What were the famous May 1808 events known as the Abdications of Bayonne?

  1. Ferdinand VII voluntarily abdicated to Wellington to make peace with England
  2. The Cádiz Cortes voided Bourbon dynastic rights
  3. Napoleon forced Charles IV and Ferdinand VII to renounce the Spanish throne so it could pass to his brother Joseph Bonaparte Correct answer.
  4. The Supreme Central Junta handed the regency to the Holy Alliance

Explanation

In May 1808 Napoleon summoned the royal family to Bayonne (France) and, through pressure, made Ferdinand restore the crown to Charles IV, who then ceded it to Napoleon for Joseph Bonaparte.

Question 35Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

Which document did 69 absolutist deputies sign in 1814 to urge Ferdinand VII to repeal the 1812 Constitution and restore absolutism?

  1. The Manzanares Manifesto
  2. The Sandhurst Manifesto
  3. The Statute of Bayonne
  4. The Manifesto of the Persians Correct answer.

Explanation

The Manifesto of the Persians (April 1814) asked the king to annul the Cádiz Cortes’ legislation and return to the Old Regime, justifying Ferdinand VII’s absolutist restoration.

Question 36Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

Which military pronunciamiento led by Commander Rafael del Riego in 1820 forced Ferdinand VII to swear the 1812 Constitution and began the Liberal Triennium?

  1. The pronunciamiento of Cabezas de San Juan Correct answer.
  2. The rising at La Granja de San Ildefonso
  3. Pavía’s coup
  4. The Vicalvarada

Explanation

On 1 January 1820, Lt. Col. Riego rose at Cabezas de San Juan (Seville) with troops bound for America. Success forced Ferdinand VII to swear the Constitution, opening the Liberal Triennium.

Question 37Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

Which foreign army sent by the Holy Alliance invaded Spain in 1823 to end the Liberal Triennium and restore Ferdinand VII’s absolute power?

  1. The Condor Legion
  2. The Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis Correct answer.
  3. The Army of Flanders
  4. The International Brigades

Explanation

At the Congress of Verona (1822), the Holy Alliance tasked France with intervening. The Duke of Angoulême’s army-the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis-restored absolutism in 1823.

Question 38Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

Why did Ferdinand VII’s promulgation of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1830 provoke outright rejection by supporters of Infante Don Carlos?

  1. Because it restored the Salic Law excluding female succession
  2. Because it abolished all Basque fueros
  3. Because it repealed Salic Law and confirmed Isabella II’s right to succeed, displacing Carlos Correct answer.
  4. Because it proclaimed a federal republic

Explanation

The 1830 Pragmatic Sanction published Charles IV’s earlier repeal of Salic Law, enabling Ferdinand’s daughter Isabella to inherit and sidelining Carlos-sparking Carlism.

Question 39Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

What ideological feature characterized the 1845 Constitution drafted in the Moderate Decade under General Narváez?

  1. Radical popular sovereignty and unicameral Cortes
  2. Immediate universal male suffrage without limits
  3. A federal pact among historic nationalities
  4. Shared sovereignty between crown and Cortes with a strong monarchical and censitary bent Correct answer.

Explanation

The 1845 Constitution expressed Moderate liberalism: shared sovereignty, strengthened royal power, and restricted censitary suffrage-contrasting with more progressive charters.

Question 40Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

What kinds of land did Pascual Madoz’s 1855 General Disentailment Law mainly affect during the Progressive Biennium?

  1. Communal and municipal properties and remaining Church goods brought to public auction Correct answer.
  2. Only royal palace estates in Madrid
  3. Exclusively privately entailed mayorazgos of the high nobility
  4. Only overseas plantation lands in Cuba and the Philippines

Explanation

Madoz’s 1855 law especially targeted propios and comunales (municipal/communal lands) plus remaining ecclesiastical property, auctioning them into the private market.

Question 41Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

Which military leaders directed the September 1868 Revolution (La Gloriosa) that dethroned Isabella II and forced her into French exile?

  1. Espartero and Narvaez alone
  2. Prim, Serrano, and Topete Correct answer.
  3. Franco and Sanjurjo
  4. Riego and Quiroga only

Explanation

The Gloriosa (1868) was led by generals Prim and Serrano and admiral Topete, overthrowing Isabella II and opening the Sexenio Democratico.

Question 42Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

What major democratic advance did the 1869 Constitution introduce for the first time in Spanish constitutional history?

  1. Abolition of all political parties
  2. Restoration of absolute monarchy without Cortes
  3. National sovereignty with universal male suffrage and broad rights and freedoms Correct answer.
  4. Exclusive Catholic confessionalism without religious freedom

Explanation

The 1869 Constitution, in the Sexenio Democratico, affirmed national sovereignty, introduced universal male suffrage, and recognized an advanced catalogue of rights including religious freedom.

Question 43Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

Why did King Amadeo I of Savoy abdicate in February 1873 after barely two years on the throne?

  1. Because he won a colonial war in Cuba
  2. Because the Cortes proclaimed him emperor of Mexico
  3. Because he was elected lifelong president of the First Republic
  4. Because of political isolation amid aristocratic hostility, party infighting, Carlist war, and the Cuban conflict Correct answer.

Explanation

Amadeo I abdicated in 1873 citing the impossibility of governing amid elite hostility, fragmented parties, the Third Carlist War, and the Cuban Ten Years’ War.

Question 44Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

Which serious social-political insurrection disrupted the First Republic in 1873, with Cartagena as a standout episode?

  1. The Cantonal Rebellion Correct answer.
  2. The Revolt of the Comuneros
  3. The Mutiny of Aranjuez
  4. The Night of San Daniel

Explanation

The 1873 Cantonal Rebellion saw federalist radical city-cantons rise; Cartagena’s prolonged canton became the emblematic episode undermining the First Republic.

Question 45Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

Which political forces signed the Ostend Pact in 1866 to overthrow Isabella II and call constituent Cortes by universal suffrage?

  1. Only Carlists and Moderates
  2. Progressives and Democrats (with later unionist alignment against the regime) Correct answer.
  3. Only the Falange and CEDA
  4. Only Basque nationalists and Carlism

Explanation

The Ostend Pact (1866) united Progressives and Democrats against Isabella II, aiming at constituent Cortes elected by universal suffrage-a prelude to 1868.

Question 46Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

Why is the Royal Statute of 1834, issued by Martinez de la Rosa during Maria Cristina’s regency, considered a granted charter rather than a Constitution?

  1. Because it established universal suffrage
  2. Because it was approved by a sovereign constituent assembly
  3. Because it was unilaterally granted by the crown without recognizing national sovereignty Correct answer.
  4. Because it created a federal republic

Explanation

The Estatuto Real (1834) was a carta otorgada: the crown conceded limited estates-style institutions without affirming national sovereignty or true constituent power.

Question 47Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

What key demand did the Manzanares Manifesto (1854), drafted by Antonio Canovas del Castillo, make to channel General O’Donnell’s pronunciamiento?

  1. Immediate restoration of absolute monarchy
  2. Expulsion of all foreign diplomats
  3. Annexation of Portugal
  4. Political reforms including a more liberal militia and Cortes and cleaner government after the Moderate Decade’s corruption Correct answer.

Explanation

The Manzanares Manifesto framed O’Donnell’s 1854 rising with reformist demands-liberalization, National Militia, genuine Cortes-after Moderate abuses, opening the Progressive Biennium.

Question 48Restoration and its crises

Which political document drafted by Canovas del Castillo and signed in 1874 by the future Alfonso XII laid foundations for the Bourbon Restoration?

  1. The Sandhurst Manifesto Correct answer.
  2. The Pact of El Pardo
  3. The Law for Political Reform
  4. The Manifesto of the Persians

Explanation

In the Sandhurst Manifesto (1 December 1874), Prince Alfonso offered to restore a constitutional, Catholic, and liberal monarchy in Spain, anticipating the Canovite project realized after the Sagunto pronunciamiento.

Question 49Restoration and its crises

Which Constitution had the longest force in Spanish history and doctrinally underpinned the Canovite Restoration regime?

  1. The Constitution of 1812
  2. The Constitution of 1876 Correct answer.
  3. The Constitution of 1931
  4. The Constitution of 1845

Explanation

The 1876 Constitution remained in force from 1876 to 1923 (47 years). Its elastic doctrinal character allowed Conservatives and Liberals to alternate without changing the charter.

Question 50Restoration and its crises

What territorial consequences did the 1898 Treaty of Paris after defeat by the United States have for Spain?

  1. Annexation of northern Morocco and Western Sahara
  2. Loss of the Canary Islands and Ceuta
  3. Loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines (plus Guam) Correct answer.
  4. Cession of the Balearic Islands to the British Empire

Explanation

The Treaty of Paris (December 1898) ended the Spanish-American War. Spain recognized Cuban independence and ceded Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam to the United States, triggering the moral crisis of the Disaster of 98.