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Canary Islands PAU History of Spain study materials
Canary Islands PAU History of Spain study resources

Canary Islands PAU History of Spain practice questions

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Question 1Prehistory, ancient Iberia, Rome and Visigothic society

La cultura material característica del Paleolítico Inferior en la península ibérica, asociada a los primeros grupos humanos, se define principalmente por:

  1. Cerámica decorada con impresiones cardiales
  2. Útiles de piedra tallada de tipo achelense, como bifaces y hendedores Correct answer.
  3. Herramientas de bronce fundido
  4. Puntas de flecha microlíticas geométricas

Explanation

El Paleolítico Inferior peninsular se identifica con complejos líticos achelenses, en los que destacan bifaces, hendedores y lascas obtenidas por talla. La cerámica, los microlitos y el bronce corresponden a etapas muy posteriores.

Question 2Al-Andalus and medieval Christian kingdoms

¿Qué grupo social de origen bereber protagonizó la entrada en la península en 711 y constituyó la base militar del emirato dependiente de Damasco?

  1. Los árabes yemeníes instalados en la Meseta Norte
  2. Los bereberes del norte de África asentados en zonas rurales Correct answer.
  3. Los mozárabes que mantuvieron el rito visigodo
  4. Los muladíes conversos de las ciudades fronterizas

Explanation

La conquista de 711 se realizó con un ejército en el que los bereberes del norte de África tenían un peso decisivo, y tras el reparto de tierras se asentaron sobre todo en áreas rurales y de montaña. Los árabes ocuparon preferentemente los núcleos urbanos y las tierras más ricas del valle del Guadalquivir. Esta distinción étnica y territorial generó tensiones internas durante el emirato dependiente.

Question 3Catholic Monarchs, Habsburg monarchy and early-modern society

¿En qué año contrajeron matrimonio Isabel de Castilla y Fernando de Aragón, unión que tradicionalmente se considera el punto de partida de la monarquía de los Reyes Católicos?

  1. 1474
  2. 1479
  3. 1469 Correct answer.
  4. 1492

Explanation

La boda se celebró en Valladolid en 1469, aunque Isabel no accedió al trono castellano hasta 1474 y Fernando al aragonés en 1479. La fecha de 1469 se emplea habitualmente como inicio simbólico del reinado conjunto.

Question 4Crisis of the old regime and construction of the liberal state

¿Qué dinastía accedió al trono de España tras la Guerra de Sucesión, iniciando el periodo conocido como la España borbónica?

  1. La Casa de Austria
  2. La Casa de Borbón Correct answer.
  3. La Casa de Trastámara
  4. La Casa de Braganza

Explanation

La Guerra de Sucesión española (1701-1714) terminó con el reconocimiento de Felipe V como rey, primer monarca de la dinastía borbónica en España. Esta dinastía impulsó un programa reformista inspirado en el modelo francés. Los Austrias habían reinado antes, hasta Carlos II.

Question 5Restoration and its crises

¿Qué nombre recibe el primer partido político español de carácter obrero y marxista, fundado en Madrid en 1879?

  1. Federación de Trabajadores de la Región Española
  2. Partido Socialista Obrero Español Correct answer.
  3. Partido Republicano Progresista
  4. Partido Demócrata Socialista

Explanation

El PSOE fue fundado en 1879 en Madrid en torno a Pablo Iglesias, tras la difusión de las ideas de la Primera Internacional. Se definió como partido obrero y marxista, distinto de los partidos republicanos burgueses de la época.

Question 6Republic, Civil War and twentieth-century context

¿En qué fecha fue proclamada la Segunda República Española?

  1. El 14 de abril de 1931 Correct answer.
  2. El 14 de abril de 1930
  3. El 12 de abril de 1931
  4. El 1 de mayo de 1931

Explanation

La Segunda República se proclamó el 14 de abril de 1931, tras las elecciones municipales del día 12 en las que las candidaturas republicanas ganaron en las principales ciudades. La fecha marca el inicio del nuevo régimen tras la salida de Alfonso XIII.

Question 7Francoism and its historical setting

¿Qué sistema electoral se utilizó para elegir el Congreso de los Diputados durante la Segunda República?

  1. Un sistema mayoritario con listas abiertas y segunda vuelta en distritos uninominales
  2. Un sistema corporativo de representación por sindicatos y colegios profesionales
  3. Un sistema proporcional puro por listas cerradas provinciales
  4. Un sistema de representación proporcional corregido con listas abiertas y amplia prima de mayoría Correct answer.

Explanation

La Ley Electoral de 1931 estableció un sistema proporcional atenuado: circunscripciones provinciales con listas abiertas y una prima de mayoría que otorgaba un amplio porcentaje de escaños a la candidatura más votada. Este mecanismo favorecía las coaliciones electorales y la polarización entre bloques.

Question 8Democratic transition and territorial autonomy

¿Quién fue el primer presidente del Gobierno tras la aprobación de la Constitución de 1978, en las elecciones de marzo de 1979?

  1. Adolfo Suárez Correct answer.
  2. Felipe González
  3. Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo
  4. Santiago Carrillo

Explanation

Adolfo Suárez, líder de la UCD, ganó las elecciones legislativas de marzo de 1979 y continuó al frente del Gobierno, cargo que ya ocupaba desde 1976. Calvo-Sotelo le sustituyó en 1981 y Felipe González accedió a la presidencia en 1982.

Question 9Historical source analysis and reasoning

En el análisis de fuentes para la Historia de España, ¿qué característica distingue esencialmente a una fuente primaria de una secundaria?

  1. La fuente primaria es siempre oficial y la secundaria es siempre privada.
  2. La fuente primaria se conserva en archivos y la secundaria se publica en libros.
  3. La fuente primaria procede del momento o de los protagonistas del hecho estudiado, mientras que la secundaria lo interpreta a partir de otras fuentes. Correct answer.
  4. La fuente primaria siempre está manuscrita y la secundaria siempre está impresa.

Explanation

La distinción entre fuente primaria y secundaria es de posición respecto al hecho: la primaria es contemporánea o testimonio directo, y la secundaria es una elaboración posterior que reelabora testimonios ajenos. El soporte material, la titularidad o el lugar de conservación no determinan esa condición.

Question 10Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

Which hominin fossil discovery at the Gran Dolina site in Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos) defined a new human species dated to over 800,000 years ago?

  1. Homo neanderthalensis
  2. Homo erectus
  3. Homo heidelbergensis
  4. Homo antecessor Correct answer.

Explanation

Homo antecessor was identified in 1994 from fossils recovered at Gran Dolina in Sierra de Atapuerca, establishing one of the oldest confirmed hominin occupations in Western Europe dated to around 850,000 years ago.

Question 11Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

The parietal cave art of Altamira in Cantabria, renowned for its polychrome bison figures, belongs to which Upper Paleolithic cultural period?

  1. Aurignacian culture
  2. Mousterian culture
  3. Magdalenian culture Correct answer.
  4. Solutrean culture

Explanation

The spectacular polychrome bison ceiling of Altamira Cave was created during the Magdalenian period (c. 15,000–12,000 BC), representing the peak of Franco-Cantabrian Upper Paleolithic cave art.

Question 12Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

Which ancient civilization located in southwestern Iberia was legendary for its wealth in metals and silver trade with Eastern Mediterranean merchants during the 8th–6th centuries BC?

  1. Celtiberia
  2. Lusitania
  3. Tartessos Correct answer.
  4. Turdetania

Explanation

Tartessos flourished in the lower Guadalquivir region, developing an advanced urban culture that exported silver, gold, and tin to Phoenician and Greek traders.

Question 13Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

Which ancient Mediterranean colonization established the trading colony of Gadir (modern Cádiz) around 1100 BC, introducing iron metallurgy and alphabetic writing to Iberia?

  1. Greek colony of Emporion
  2. Carthaginian Empire
  3. Etruscan traders
  4. Phoenicians from Tyre Correct answer.

Explanation

Phoenicians from Tyre founded Gadir around 1100 BC as a strategic Atlantic port, introducing iron technology, the alphabet, pottery wheels, and olive cultivation to southern Iberia.

Question 14Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

During the Second Punic War (218–201 BC), which Roman general captured Qart Hadasht (Cartagena) in 209 BC and defeated Carthaginian forces at the Battle of Ilipa?

  1. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
  2. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Correct answer.
  3. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
  4. Gaius Julius Caesar

Explanation

Scipio Africanus executed a brilliant campaign in Iberia during the Second Punic War, seizing Cartagena in 209 BC and ending Carthaginian presence at Ilipa in 206 BC.

Question 15Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

Which imperial decree issued by Emperor Caracalla in 212 AD granted full Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of Hispania and the Roman Empire?

  1. Edict of Milan
  2. Edict of Thessalonica
  3. Pax Augusta Decree
  4. Constitutio Antoniniana Correct answer.

Explanation

The Constitutio Antoniniana (Edict of Caracalla) of 212 AD extended Roman citizenship to all free men across Hispania, completing the legal integration of provincial populations.

Question 16Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

At which church council in 589 AD did the Visigothic King Recared formally convert from Arianism to Catholicism, unifying the Visigothic Kingdom religiously?

  1. Council of Elvira
  2. Fourth Council of Toledo
  3. First Council of Nicaea
  4. Third Council of Toledo Correct answer.

Explanation

At the Third Council of Toledo in 589 AD, King Recared publicly renounced Arian heresy and embraced Catholicism, unifying the Visigothic ruling elite and Hispano-Roman majority under one faith.

Question 17Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

Which comprehensive legal code promulgated by King Recceswinth around 654 AD created a single unified legal system for both Visigoths and Hispano-Romans?

  1. Breviary of Alaric
  2. Siete Partidas
  3. Liber Iudiciorum Correct answer.
  4. Code of Euric

Explanation

The Liber Iudiciorum (or Book of Judgments, later known as Fuero Juzgo) unified Visigothic and Hispano-Roman legal traditions into a single statutory code across the Iberian peninsula.

Question 18Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

In 711 AD, the Umayyad commander Tariq ibn Ziyad defeated the Visigothic King Roderic at which decisive battle, initiating the Muslim conquest of Hispania?

  1. Battle of Poitiers
  2. Battle of Guadalete Correct answer.
  3. Battle of Covadonga
  4. Battle of Simancas

Explanation

The Battle of Guadalete in July 711 AD saw Tariq's Muslim forces crush King Roderic's army, causing the rapid collapse of the Visigothic Kingdom.

Question 19Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

Who declared himself the independent Emir of Córdoba in 756 AD, establishing the Umayyad dynasty in Al-Andalus after escaping the Abbasid overthrow in Damascus?

  1. Al-Hakam II
  2. Tariq ibn Ziyad
  3. Abd al-Rahman III
  4. Abd al-Rahman I Correct answer.

Explanation

Abd al-Rahman I (the Immigrant) fled the Abbasid massacre in Syria, arrived in Al-Andalus, and proclaimed the independent Emirate of Córdoba in 756 AD.

Question 20Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

In 929 AD, Abd al-Rahman III assumed the title of Caliph of Córdoba. Which palatine city did he construct to serve as the administrative seat of the Caliphate?

  1. Alhambra of Granada
  2. Aljafería Palace
  3. Madinat al-Zahra Correct answer.
  4. Alcázar of Seville

Explanation

Abd al-Rahman III constructed the luxurious palatine city of Madinat al-Zahra near Córdoba starting in 936 AD to showcase the power and legitimacy of the new Caliphate.

Question 21Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

Following the collapse of the Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031 AD, Al-Andalus fragmented into petty kingdoms known as Taifas. What tribute system did Christian kingdoms impose upon them?

  1. Repartimiento system
  2. Mesta tributes
  3. Fueros real
  4. Parias system Correct answer.

Explanation

The parias were annual financial tributes paid in gold by weak Taifa rulers to northern Christian kingdoms in exchange for protection and peace.

Question 22Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

Which North African Berber dynasty crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and defeated King Alfonso VI of Castile at the Battle of Sagrajas (Zallaqa) in 1086 AD?

  1. Nasrid dynasty
  2. Almohad Caliphate
  3. Marinid dynasty
  4. Almoravid dynasty Correct answer.

Explanation

The Almoravids, led by Yusuf ibn Tashfin, entered Al-Andalus upon the request of Taifa kings and crushed Alfonso VI at Sagrajas in 1086, reunifying Al-Andalus under strict Islamic rule.

Question 23Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

Which battle fought in 1212 AD saw an allied Christian coalition led by Alfonso VIII of Castile inflict a decisive defeat on the Almohad Caliphate, turning the tide of the Reconquista?

  1. Battle of Alarcos
  2. Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa Correct answer.
  3. Battle of Simancas
  4. Battle of Clavijo

Explanation

The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) was a major turning point in Iberian history, opening Andalucia to rapid Christian conquest by Ferdinand III.

Question 24Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

During the repoblación (resettlement) of the Guadalquivir valley and Levante regions in the 13th century, which institutional mechanism granted large latifundia estates to noblemen and military orders?

  1. Concejil municipal fuero model
  2. Repartimiento model Correct answer.
  3. Presura / Aprisio model
  4. Encomienda de Indias model

Explanation

The Repartimiento model used in Andalucia and Murcia distributed captured Moorish lands, houses, and estates among noblemen, high clergy, and military orders, creating large agrarian estates (latifundios).

Question 25Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

Which Nasrid ruler founded the Emirate of Granada in 1238 AD, maintaining survival for over two centuries by paying vassal tribute to the Crown of Castile?

  1. Boabdil (Muhammad XII)
  2. Yusuf I
  3. Muhammad V
  4. Muhammad I (Ibn al-Ahmar) Correct answer.

Explanation

Muhammad I (Ibn al-Ahmar) established the Nasrid dynasty of Granada in 1238, acknowledging vassalage to Ferdinand III of Castile to secure state survival.

Question 26Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

Prior to the 15th-century European conquest, what collective term refers to the indigenous inhabitants of Tenerife, and what was their origin?

  1. Guanches, originating from North African Berber tribes Correct answer.
  2. Majoreros, originating from Phoenician traders
  3. Bimbaches, originating from Iberian Celts
  4. Auritas, originating from West African Mandinka sailors

Explanation

The aboriginal inhabitants of Tenerife were known as Guanches. Linguistic, genetic, and archaeological evidence confirms their origin from North African Amazigh (Berber) populations.

Question 27Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

In pre-conquest Gran Canaria, aboriginal society was politically divided into two major territorial chieftainships led by rulers known as what?

  1. Faycanes
  2. Menceyes
  3. Tagorores
  4. Guanartemes Correct answer.

Explanation

Gran Canaria was divided into two main chieftainships (Telde and Gáldar), each governed by a supreme political leader called a Guanarteme.

Question 28Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

What was the name of the traditional council assembly of elders and noblemen in aboriginal Canarian society where social disputes and community affairs were debated?

  1. Guanartemato
  2. Sabor insular
  3. Almogarén
  4. Tagoror Correct answer.

Explanation

The tagoror was the aboriginal council assembly, normally held in an open-air circular stone enclosure, where the mencey or guanarteme met the elders and nobles to debate judicial and community matters. The word names both the enclosure and the assembly held in it, and surviving tagoror sites are documented archaeologically on Tenerife and Gran Canaria.

Question 29Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

Which Norman knight, under vassalage to King Henry III of Castile, initiated the aristocratic conquest (Conquista Señorial) of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, and El Hierro in 1402?

  1. Jean de Béthencourt Correct answer.
  2. Juan Rejón
  3. Pedro de Vera
  4. Alonso Fernández de Lugo

Explanation

Jean de Béthencourt, accompanied by Gadifer de La Salle, began the conquest of the Canary Islands in 1402 by taking Lanzarote, securing Castilian royal backing and feudatory rights.

Question 30Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

Unlike the earlier aristocratic conquest, the conquest of Gran Canaria, La Palma, and Tenerife was financed directly by the Crown of Castile. What is this phase called?

  1. Conquista Pontificia (Papal Conquest)
  2. Conquista Feudal (Feudal Conquest)
  3. Conquista Señorial (Lordship Conquest)
  4. Conquista Realenga (Royal Conquest) Correct answer.

Explanation

Conquista Realenga refers to the conquest of Gran Canaria (1478–1483), La Palma (1492–1493), and Tenerife (1494–1496) directly organized and funded by the Catholic Monarchs.

Question 31Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

On June 24, 1478, captain Juan Rejón founded a military encampment at the mouth of the Guiniguada ravine, establishing which modern Canarian city?

  1. Santa Cruz de Tenerife
  2. Santa Cruz de La Palma
  3. Real de Las Palmas (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) Correct answer.
  4. San Cristóbal de La Laguna

Explanation

Juan Rejón established the Real de Las Palmas on June 24, 1478, marking the founding of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria as the first Castilian urban settlement in the archipelago.

Question 32Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

In 1494, aboriginal Guanche warriors led by Mencey Bencomo crushed the invading Spanish army of Alonso Fernández de Lugo in which famous battle?

  1. Battle of Ajódar
  2. First Battle of Acentejo (Matanza de Acentejo) Correct answer.
  3. Battle of Aguere
  4. Battle of Victoria de Acentejo

Explanation

The First Battle of Acentejo (May 1494), known as La Matanza de Acentejo, resulted in a catastrophic defeat for Spanish troops who were ambushed in a ravine by Bencomo's warriors.

Question 33Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

Which international treaty signed in 1479 between Portugal and Castile recognized Castilian sovereignty over the Canary Islands in exchange for Portuguese rights over Atlantic navigation south of Cape Bojador?

  1. Treaty of Tordesillas
  2. Treaty of Madrid
  3. Treaty of Utrecht
  4. Treaty of Alcáçovas-Toledo Correct answer.

Explanation

The Treaty of Alcáçovas (1479) ended the War of the Castilian Succession, securing Castilian title to the Canary Islands while granting Portugal exclusive rights to African coastal navigation.

Question 34Canary Indigenous societies, conquest and Atlantic connections

Following the Castilian conquest of the Canary Islands, what socio-economic land redistribution process allocated lands and water rights to conquerors, settlers, and indigenous elites?

  1. Repartimiento de tierras y aguas Correct answer.
  2. Mesta de realengos
  3. Encomienda indiana
  4. Mayorazgo insular

Explanation

Repartimientos were official land and water deeds issued by governors (like Alonso Fernández de Lugo) to reward conquerors, attract European settlers, and integrate cooperating aboriginal nobles.

Question 35Catholic Monarchs, Habsburg monarchy and early-modern society

The marriage of Isabel I of Castile and Fernando II of Aragon in 1469 created a dynastic union. What was the institutional nature of this union?

  1. Personal dynastic union where each kingdom preserved its own laws, Cortes, and institutions Correct answer.
  2. Creation of a single federal parliament for both realms
  3. Complete political and legislative administrative unification
  4. Subordination of Aragon as a conquered province of Castile

Explanation

The Catholic Monarchs established a personal dynastic union: Castile and Aragon shared the same monarchs but maintained their distinct legal systems, currencies, Cortes, and borders.

Question 36Catholic Monarchs, Habsburg monarchy and early-modern society

In 1478, Pope Sixtus IV issued a papal bull authorizing the Catholic Monarchs to establish which religious-judicial tribunal to enforce religious orthodoxy among Jewish conversos?

  1. Council of the Crusade
  2. Spanish Inquisition (Tribunal del Santo Oficio) Correct answer.
  3. Consejo de Real Hacienda
  4. Tribunal of the Santa Hermandad

Explanation

The Spanish Inquisition (established 1478) was placed directly under royal control to investigate crypto-Judaism, heresy, and ensure religious uniformity across the Hispanic monarchy.

Question 37Catholic Monarchs, Habsburg monarchy and early-modern society

On March 31, 1492, the Catholic Monarchs signed the Edict of Granada (Alhambra Decree). What major decree did it enact?

  1. The creation of the Casa de Contratación
  2. The annexation of the Kingdom of Navarre
  3. The expulsion of all practicing Jews from the realms of Castile and Aragon Correct answer.
  4. The conversion of the Mudejars of Granada

Explanation

The Edict of Granada ordered all practicing Jews to convert to Catholicism or leave Castile and Aragon within four months, giving rise to the Sephardic diaspora.

Question 38Catholic Monarchs, Habsburg monarchy and early-modern society

Signed in 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas re-divided Atlantic colonial spheres between Spain and Portugal by establishing a meridian line located how far west of Cape Verde?

  1. 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Correct answer.
  2. 100 leagues west of the Azores
  3. 500 leagues west of the Canary Islands
  4. 200 leagues west of Lisbon

Explanation

The Treaty of Tordesillas shifted the demarcation line to 370 leagues west of Cape Verde, which later allowed Portugal to claim Brazil.

Question 39Catholic Monarchs, Habsburg monarchy and early-modern society

In 1520–1521, Castilian cities rose up against Charles I in the Revolt of the Comuneros. At which battle were comunero leaders Padilla, Bravo, and Maldonado defeated?

  1. Battle of Villalar Correct answer.
  2. Battle of San Quintín
  3. Battle of Pavia
  4. Battle of Mühlberg

Explanation

On April 23, 1521, royalist forces crushed the Comunero army at the Battle of Villalar, executing Juan de Padilla, Juan Bravo, and Francisco Maldonado the following day.

Question 40Catholic Monarchs, Habsburg monarchy and early-modern society

Contemporary with the Comuneros uprising, the Revolt of the Germanías (1519–1523) was an anti-seigneurial conflict led by artisan guilds in which region?

  1. Señorío de Vizcaya
  2. Kingdom of Valencia and Majorca Correct answer.
  3. Principality of Catalonia
  4. Kingdom of Galicia

Explanation

The Germanías (brotherhoods of armed urban artisan guilds) rose up in Valencia and Majorca against feudal nobles and elite urban oligarchies.

Question 41Catholic Monarchs, Habsburg monarchy and early-modern society

Which naval battle fought in 1571 off the coast of Greece saw the Holy League coalition led by Don John of Austria defeat the Ottoman fleet?

  1. Battle of Preveza
  2. Battle of Djerba
  3. Battle of Cape Celidonia
  4. Battle of Lepanto Correct answer.

Explanation

The Battle of Lepanto (October 7, 1571) was a landmark naval clash where the Holy League (Spain, Venice, Papal States) shattered Ottoman naval dominance in the Mediterranean.

Question 42Catholic Monarchs, Habsburg monarchy and early-modern society

In 17th-century Habsburg Spain, monarchs delegated government administration to chief royal favorites. What technical historical term designates these figures?

  1. Validos (or Privados) Correct answer.
  2. Corregidores
  3. Procuradores en Cortes
  4. Oidores de Audiencia

Explanation

Validos (such as the Duke of Lerma under Philip III and Count-Duke of Olivares under Philip IV) were royal favorites who exercised de facto executive governance.

Question 43Catholic Monarchs, Habsburg monarchy and early-modern society

Promulgated in 1626 by the Count-Duke of Olivares, the Union of Arms (Unión de Armas) sought to accomplish which political-military reform?

  1. Creation of a common reserve army of 140,000 men funded proportionally by all kingdoms of the Hispanic Monarchy Correct answer.
  2. Abolition of all military orders in Castile and Aragon
  3. Establishment of a permanent naval base in Tenerife
  4. Direct annexation of Portugal to the Crown of Castile

Explanation

The Union of Arms planned a standing reserve force of 140,000 troops supported proportionally by all imperial realms, relieving the disproportionate military burden borne by Castile.

Question 44Catholic Monarchs, Habsburg monarchy and early-modern society

The Catalan Revolt of 1640 (Revolta dels Segadors) began with the Corpus de Sang riot in Barcelona. Which foreign power did the Catalan Generalitat ally with?

  1. Kingdom of England
  2. Dutch Republic
  3. Kingdom of France under Louis XIII and Richelieu Correct answer.
  4. Holy Roman Empire

Explanation

Under Pau Claris, the Catalan Generalitat proclaimed Louis XIII of France as Count of Barcelona, initiating a decade of French military occupation during the Franco-Spanish War.

Question 45Catholic Monarchs, Habsburg monarchy and early-modern society

In December 1640, Portuguese conspirators ousted the Spanish viceroy in Lisbon and proclaimed which nobleman as King John IV, starting the Portuguese Restoration War?

  1. Duke of Medina Sidonia
  2. Duke of Coimbra
  3. Duke of Braganza Correct answer.
  4. Marquis of Villa Real

Explanation

John, 8th Duke of Braganza, was acclaimed King John IV of Portugal on December 1, 1640, ending 60 years of Iberian Union under the Spanish Habsburgs.

Question 46Catholic Monarchs, Habsburg monarchy and early-modern society

During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Canary Islands played a crucial role in American trade. Which institution permitted Canarian ships to trade directly with Spanish America?

  1. Juzgado de Indias (Canarian Trade Privilege / Canary Registry ships) Correct answer.
  2. Consulado de Mar de Barcelona
  3. Board of Trade of London
  4. Casa de la Moneda de Potosí

Explanation

Through royal concessions, the Canary Islands possessed a special Juzgado de Indias (Indias Court) allowing registry ships (navíos de Canarias) to load island products directly for American ports.

Question 47Catholic Monarchs, Habsburg monarchy and early-modern society

In the 16th century, what was the primary export crop that drove the Canarian economy, attracting Genoese and Flemish merchants and slave labor?

  1. Sugar cane (azúcar de caña) Correct answer.
  2. Malvasía wine
  3. Cochineal dye
  4. Bananas

Explanation

Sugar cane was the dominant 16th-century export cycle in the Canaries. Sugar mills (ingenios) powered island wealth before facing ruinous competition from Caribbean plantations.

Question 48Catholic Monarchs, Habsburg monarchy and early-modern society

During the 17th century, which agricultural product succeeded sugar as the primary Canarian export, highly prized in England and American colonies?

  1. Indigo dye
  2. Silk
  3. Tobacco
  4. Malvasía wine (Canary wine / Sack) Correct answer.

Explanation

Malvasía wine (known in England as 'Canary Sack', celebrated by Shakespeare) became the principal economic engine of the archipelago throughout the 17th century.

Question 49Catholic Monarchs, Habsburg monarchy and early-modern society

In July 1797, British Rear-Admiral Horatio Nelson suffered a famous defeat and lost his right arm attempting to assault which Canarian port city?

  1. Puerto de la Cruz
  2. Arrecife
  3. Santa Cruz de Tenerife Correct answer.
  4. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

Explanation

On July 25, 1797, local defense forces under General Antonio Gutiérrez repelled Nelson's naval attack on Santa Cruz de Tenerife, where Nelson was wounded and lost his arm.

Question 50Catholic Monarchs, Habsburg monarchy and early-modern society

Created in 1526 and headquartered in Las Palmas, what was the highest judicial tribunal in the Canary Islands throughout the Early Modern period?

  1. Real Audiencia de Canarias Correct answer.
  2. Chancillería de Valladolid
  3. Consejo de Real de Castilla
  4. Tribunal del Consulado de Cargadores

Explanation

The Real Audiencia de Canarias, founded in 1526 in Las Palmas, served as the supreme court of appeals for all islands of the archipelago.