Galicia PAU Geology and Environmental Sciences study materials
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Reconstruct a geological sequence from stated relationships

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Reconstruct a geological sequence from stated relationships

In this fictional field exercise, a simplified cross-section contains three sedimentary units labeled A, B and C. The field description states that A was deposited first, B overlies A, and C overlies B,with no overturned beds. All three units were subsequently folded. A granitic intrusion D cuts the folded beds and contains fragments of B. An erosional surface truncates both the folded strata and the top of D. A horizontal sandstone E rests on that surface and is not cut by the intrusion. No fault is shown and no numerical age has been measured. The diagram is deliberately simplified so that the task concerns relative relationships rather than a named real locality. A classmate proposes that D must be younger than E because granite is always the youngest rock type. Another proposes an exact age for the folding from the color of the sandstone. You must evaluate those proposals using only the stated evidence.

1. Give a justified oldest-to-youngest event sequence.

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Deposition of A, B and C was followed by folding, intrusion of D, erosion, and deposition of E. Superposition constrains the original sediment order; D cuts the folded beds, and the erosion surface truncates D. E overlies the erosion surface. Rock type alone does not establish age.

2. What age information remains unknown?

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The relationships establish an order, not numerical durations or calendar ages. Suitable dating and supporting geological interpretation would be needed to attach ages to events. A date interpreted as mineral cooling would not automatically equal intrusion or sediment deposition time.