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Question 1ArcGIS Developer Foundation
When you create an OAuth 2.0 application in ArcGIS to let users sign in with their ArcGIS account, which value must be registered so the authorization server knows where to send the user after approval?
- The API key scope
- The client secret
- The redirect URI Correct answer.
- The token lifetime
Explanation
Registered redirect URIs tell the ArcGIS authorization server where to deliver the authorization code after the user consents. The value must match exactly what the app sends, otherwise the request is rejected.
Question 2ArcGIS Developer Foundation
In the ArcGIS REST API, which query parameter on a feature layer's query endpoint limits the number of features returned in a single response?
- outFields
- resultRecordCount Correct answer.
- f
- returnGeometry
Explanation
resultRecordCount caps how many records a single query response contains, and it works together with resultOffset for paging. returnGeometry and outFields control content, not record count.
Question 3ArcGIS Developer Foundation
Which ArcGIS Maps SDK for JavaScript module is the standard entry point for creating a 2D map view in modern versions?
- esri/views/SceneView
- esri/widgets/Legend
- esri/layers/FeatureLayer
- esri/views/MapView Correct answer.
Explanation
MapView renders a Map in two dimensions and is the typical starting point for 2D applications. SceneView is used for 3D scenes, while the other modules provide layers and widgets.
Question 4ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer needs to store and query a non-spatial table of inspection records alongside a hosted feature layer in the same ArcGIS organization. Which hosted item type is designed for this?
- A vector tile layer
- A web map
- A hosted table Correct answer.
- A hosted tile layer
Explanation
Hosted tables hold records with no geometry and support attribute queries through the REST API. Tile-based layers and web maps are for visualization, not tabular storage.
Question 5ArcGIS Developer Foundation
Which authentication method should a browser-based JavaScript app use to obtain a user token without exposing a client secret?
- Embedded username and password in the source
- OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow with PKCE Correct answer.
- Client credentials flow
- Long-lived API key in the HTML
Explanation
PKCE lets public clients such as browser apps complete the authorization code flow without a client secret. Client credentials are for server-side confidential apps, and embedding credentials in client code exposes them.
Question 6ArcGIS Developer Foundation
Which ArcGIS REST operation on a feature service publishes a new hosted feature layer from an uploaded file such as a shapefile or CSV?
- query
- applyEdits
- createReplica
- publish Correct answer.
Explanation
The publish operation on a feature service takes an uploaded item and creates a hosted layer from it. The other operations read or edit existing layers or manage replicas.
Question 7ArcGIS Developer Foundation
In ArcGIS REST, what does a spatial reference well-known ID (wkid) of 4326 represent?
- The North American Datum of 1927
- WGS 84 geographic coordinates in decimal degrees Correct answer.
- A state plane coordinate system in US feet
- Web Mercator projected coordinates in meters
Explanation
WKID 4326 is WGS 84, a geographic coordinate system expressed in decimal degrees. Web Mercator is 102100 or 3857, and NAD27 uses different identifiers.
Question 8ArcGIS Developer Foundation
Which ArcGIS Maps SDK for JavaScript class should you use to define a popup template that displays a custom field and a chart for features in a layer?
- Graphic
- SimpleRenderer
- Basemap
- PopupTemplate Correct answer.
Explanation
PopupTemplate configures the content shown when a feature is clicked, including field values and charts. The other classes handle graphics, symbol assignment, and basemaps.
Question 9ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer calls the query endpoint on a feature layer and receives only 2,000 of 50,000 features. Which approach retrieves the remaining features reliably?
- Change the f parameter from json to pbf
- Set returnGeometry to false and reissue the query
- Use resultOffset with resultRecordCount to page through results until fewer than the page size are returned Correct answer.
- Increase the timeout parameter and repeat the same request
Explanation
The service enforces a maximum record count per response, so clients page using resultOffset and resultRecordCount until a page returns fewer records than requested. Changing output format or geometry settings does not bypass the limit.
Question 10ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer wants an app to show only features where status equals 'Open' without downloading all records. Where should the filter be applied?
- In the where parameter of the layer query request Correct answer.
- In the popup template content
- In the basemap style configuration
- In the renderer's symbol definition
Explanation
The where clause is evaluated by the service so only matching features are returned, reducing transfer and client work. Renderers, popups, and basemaps affect display, not query filtering.
Question 11ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer needs to add a new feature to a hosted feature layer from a web app. Which REST operation and parameter set is appropriate?
- updateDefinition with a new layer name
- query with a where clause matching the new feature
- applyEdits with an adds array containing feature attributes and geometry Correct answer.
- export with a bounding box
Explanation
applyEdits accepts adds, updates, and deletes arrays to modify features in a layer. The other operations read data or change layer metadata rather than inserting features.
Question 12ArcGIS Developer Foundation
An app receives an OAuth token and a refresh token. What is the purpose of the refresh token?
- To obtain a new access token after the current one expires without requiring the user to sign in again Correct answer.
- To grant the app administrator privileges
- To encrypt the access token in transit
- To permanently store the user's password
Explanation
Refresh tokens let a client request a new access token when the short-lived one expires, avoiding repeated user sign-in. They do not encrypt tokens or change privileges.
Question 13ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer wants to create an offline-capable app using a feature layer. Which capability must be enabled on the feature service?
- Sync Correct answer.
- Editing
- Change tracking
- Query
Explanation
Offline workflows depend on the sync capability, which allows clients to create replicas and upload changes later. Editing and query are commonly enabled but do not themselves provide offline synchronization.
Question 14ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer needs to convert a set of latitude and longitude values into a projected coordinate system before storing them. Which ArcGIS REST resource performs geometry projection?
- The geocoding service find operation
- The geometry service project operation Correct answer.
- The geoprocessing service submitJob operation
- The print service export operation
Explanation
The geometry service exposes a project operation that transforms coordinates between spatial references. Geocoding resolves addresses, geoprocessing runs models, and print produces map output.
Question 15ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer is building a JavaScript app and wants a layer that loads vector tiles for fast rendering of large datasets. Which layer type should be used?
- GraphicsLayer
- ImageryLayer
- FeatureLayer
- VectorTileLayer Correct answer.
Explanation
VectorTileLayer consumes prebuilt vector tiles, which render large datasets efficiently on the client. FeatureLayer fetches individual features, GraphicsLayer holds client-side graphics, and ImageryLayer serves raster imagery.
Question 16ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer wants to search for features within a buffer around a point. Which query parameter supplies the geometry to test against?
- geometry with spatialRel and a buffer distance Correct answer.
- where with a LIKE clause
- orderByFields with a distance field
- returnDistinctValues set to true
Explanation
The geometry parameter, combined with spatialRel and optionally distance and units, performs a spatial filter against features. Attribute clauses and ordering do not define spatial proximity.
Question 17ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer must ensure that a server-side integration authenticates as an application rather than a named user. Which OAuth flow fits this requirement?
- Implicit flow
- Authorization code flow with PKCE
- Client credentials flow Correct answer.
- Device authorization flow
Explanation
The client credentials flow issues a token for the application itself, which suits automated server processes with no interactive user. The other flows involve a user signing in.
Question 18ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer notices that a feature service query returns an error about exceeding the maximum number of records. Which change most directly resolves the error while preserving all data access?
- Paginate the request using resultOffset and resultRecordCount Correct answer.
- Disable returnGeometry
- Remove the where clause
- Switch to the implicit OAuth flow
Explanation
The service caps records per response, so paging with resultOffset and resultRecordCount retrieves all data across multiple calls. Removing filters or geometry does not change the cap, and the auth flow is unrelated.
Question 19ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer wants to display a hosted feature layer in a web map and allow users to edit attributes. Which combination of capabilities must the layer support?
- Query and editing Correct answer.
- Geocoding and routing
- Sync and tiling
- Printing and export
Explanation
Displaying features requires query capability, and modifying attributes requires editing capability. Sync, tiling, geocoding, and printing are separate capabilities unrelated to attribute editing in a web map.
Question 20ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer needs to build a custom widget that reacts when the map's extent changes. Which approach is idiomatic in the ArcGIS Maps SDK for JavaScript?
- Recreate the MapView whenever the user pans
- Poll the map's scale every second with a timer
- Watch the view's extent property and update the widget in the callback Correct answer.
- Read the extent only when the page loads
Explanation
The SDK exposes reactive properties such as view.extent that can be watched so widgets update when the value changes. Polling, recreating the view, or reading once are inefficient and miss updates.
Question 21ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer must expose a geoprocessing model as a REST endpoint callable from a web app. Which service type should be published?
- An image service
- A geocoding service
- A geoprocessing service Correct answer.
- A map service
Explanation
Geoprocessing services expose tools and models that clients invoke through submitJob or execute. Map, geocoding, and image services provide different capabilities.
Question 22ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer is designing a high-volume editing app and must decide between applyEdits with a large adds array and many single-feature requests. Which consideration is most relevant?
- applyEdits cannot add more than one feature at a time
- Batching edits in one applyEdits call reduces request overhead but is subject to service limits on features per request Correct answer.
- The f parameter determines how many features can be added
- Single-feature requests are always faster because they return smaller responses
Explanation
Batching reduces network round trips, but services cap how many features or payload size a single applyEdits call accepts, so clients should chunk large edits. Single requests add overhead, and applyEdits supports arrays of features.
Question 23ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer's OAuth app works in testing but fails in production with an invalid redirect URI error. Which cause is most likely?
- The production redirect URI is not registered exactly as configured in the application settings Correct answer.
- The map's spatial reference is not Web Mercator
- The feature service lacks the query capability
- The access token has expired
Explanation
The authorization server compares the requested redirect URI against registered values, and any mismatch such as scheme, host, or trailing path fails. Token expiry, layer capabilities, and spatial reference do not cause redirect URI errors.
Question 24ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer needs to synchronize offline edits from many field devices back to a hosted feature layer. Which design is most appropriate?
- Use a vector tile layer and edit the tiles directly
- Enable editing only and have devices call applyEdits while offline
- Enable sync on the feature service, create a replica per device, and upload changes with synchronizeReplica Correct answer.
- Export the layer to a shapefile on each device and email it back
Explanation
Offline synchronization relies on the sync capability, replicas, and the synchronizeReplica operation to reconcile device changes with the service. applyEdits requires connectivity, tiles are not editable, and manual file exchange is not a sync workflow.
Question 25ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer queries a feature layer with returnCountOnly set to true. What does the response contain?
- The full feature set with geometry
- Only the number of features matching the query Correct answer.
- A rendered map image of the results
- The layer's metadata definition
Explanation
returnCountOnly makes the service return just the count of matching features, which is efficient for statistics or pagination planning. It does not return features, images, or metadata.
Question 26ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer needs to register an application with ArcGIS so it can obtain OAuth 2.0 tokens on behalf of signed-in users. Which item type must be created in the developer dashboard?
- A registered application item that stores client ID and redirect URIs Correct answer.
- A geoprocessing service item that stores the identity provider
- A hosted feature layer item that stores the client secret
- A web map item that stores the token endpoint
Explanation
ArcGIS OAuth 2.0 relies on an application registration that defines the client ID, client secret, and allowed redirect URIs; the authorization server uses these to validate the app during the authorization code flow. Feature layers, web maps, and geoprocessing services are content items, not identity registrations.
Question 27ArcGIS Developer Foundation
Which ArcGIS REST resource should a developer call to discover the layers, tables, and supported operations of a published feature service before writing client code?
- The generateToken endpoint of the portal
- The service's root endpoint with the f=json parameter Correct answer.
- The geometry service's project operation
- The sharing/rest/content endpoint for the organization
Explanation
Requesting the feature service root endpoint returns service metadata including layers, tables, capabilities, and supported operations, which is the standard discovery step. The other endpoints handle authentication, coordinate projection, or content search rather than describing a single service.
Question 28ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer wants a web app to draw features from a feature layer using a custom symbol and to respond when a user clicks a feature. Which ArcGIS Maps SDK for JavaScript pattern supports this?
- Add a basemap layer and read its tile metadata on click
- Add a WebTileLayer and parse the tile image pixels on click
- Add a GraphicsLayer only and poll the layer's fields each frame
- Add a FeatureLayer with a renderer and register a click handler that hit-tests the view Correct answer.
Explanation
A FeatureLayer accepts a renderer to control symbology, and view hit-testing on pointer events identifies which feature was clicked so the app can react. Basemaps, tile layers, and empty graphics layers do not provide feature-level click identification with attributes.
Question 29ArcGIS Developer Foundation
In the ArcGIS REST API, which parameter format value requests the response as JSON?
- f=pbf
- f=html
- f=kmz
- f=json Correct answer.
Explanation
The f parameter selects the response format, and f=json returns JSON, which is the usual choice for programmatic clients. The other values request HTML, a compressed binary format, or a KMZ archive rather than plain JSON.
Question 30ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer needs to store the URL of a feature service and its API key outside of source code so the same build can be deployed to several environments. Which practice fits an ArcGIS web app?
- Commit the key to the repository and rotate it only after release
- Load the URL and key from environment-specific configuration at build or runtime Correct answer.
- Hard-code the production key as a default parameter in the main module
- Embed the key in the layer's popup template content
Explanation
Externalizing service URLs and credentials into environment-specific configuration keeps secrets out of source control and lets one codebase target dev, staging, and production. Hard-coding, committing, or embedding keys in content exposes credentials and forces code changes per environment.
Question 31ArcGIS Developer Foundation
Which ArcGIS REST operation returns the metadata describing a single layer within a feature service, such as its fields and geometry type?
- Calling the export operation on the service
- Calling the query operation with returnGeometry=false
- Requesting the layer endpoint with f=json Correct answer.
- Calling applyEdits with an empty adds array
Explanation
Each layer has its own endpoint, and requesting it with f=json returns layer metadata including fields, geometry type, and capabilities. Query, applyEdits, and export operate on data rather than returning the layer's schema description.
Question 32ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer wants to display a simple map centered on a city with a basemap and no operational layers. Which ArcGIS Maps SDK for JavaScript object is the minimum required?
- A GraphicsLayer with a popup template and no map
- A FeatureLayer with a renderer and no view
- A Map with a basemap and a MapView with center and zoom Correct answer.
- A WebScene with a SceneView and no camera
Explanation
A 2D map requires a Map instance with a basemap plus a MapView that defines center and zoom for display. A layer without a map or view has nothing to render into, and a WebScene is the 3D container, which is unnecessary here.
Question 33ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer must confirm that a web app's requests to a secured feature service are authorized. Which HTTP header carries the OAuth 2.0 access token in ArcGIS REST calls?
- Accept: token=<token>
- Authorization: Bearer <token> Correct answer.
- X-Esri-Authorization: Basic <token>
- Content-Type: application/json
Explanation
ArcGIS REST endpoints accept OAuth 2.0 access tokens in the standard Authorization header using the Bearer scheme. Content-Type and Accept describe payload formats, and the X-Esri-Authorization header carries a different credential form rather than an OAuth bearer token.
Question 34ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer queries a feature layer and needs results ordered by a numeric field, largest first. Which query parameters accomplish this?
- outStatistics with a SUM statistic
- orderByFields=population DESC Correct answer.
- groupByFieldsForStatistics=population
- orderByFields=population ASC
Explanation
orderByFields accepts a field name with an optional ASC or DESC keyword to sort returned features, so DESC yields largest first for a numeric field. ASC sorts ascending, while grouping and statistics parameters aggregate values instead of ordering records.
Question 35ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer needs the distinct values present in a text field of a feature layer to build a filter dropdown. Which query configuration returns those values efficiently?
- returnIdsOnly=true with no outFields
- returnGeometry=true with outFields=*
- returnCountOnly=true with no outFields
- returnDistinctValues=true with outFields set to that field Correct answer.
Explanation
Setting returnDistinctValues to true and limiting outFields to the target field returns unique values rather than every record. Returning all fields or geometry adds unneeded payload, and count or ID queries return no attribute values.
Question 36ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer must join attributes from a related table to features in a feature layer without copying data. Which ArcGIS capability supports this at query time?
- Querying with a relates definition and requesting related fields Correct answer.
- Using a basemap layer with matching attribute names
- Publishing a new feature layer that duplicates the parent features
- Converting both tables to raster tiles
Explanation
Feature services can expose relationship classes through relates, and querying with the relates parameter returns related records or joined attributes without duplicating data. Duplicating layers, renaming basemap attributes, or rasterizing tables does not provide a live relational join.
Question 37ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer's app shows a feature layer but the symbology ignores the renderer defined in the web map. Which cause is most likely?
- The app sets its own renderer on the layer after loading the item Correct answer.
- The layer's spatial reference is Web Mercator
- The web map uses a vector basemap
- The feature service has editing enabled
Explanation
When a layer is created from a portal item, the app can override the item's drawing info by assigning a renderer, so a renderer set in code replaces the web map symbology. Spatial reference, editing capability, and basemap type do not replace a layer's renderer.
Question 38ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer needs to add a point graphic at a clicked location and later remove it. Which ArcGIS Maps SDK for JavaScript approach is appropriate?
- Add a Graphic to a GraphicsLayer and remove it from the layer's graphics collection Correct answer.
- Add the point to the basemap's tile cache
- Set the MapView center to the point and reload the page
- Create a new FeatureLayer for each point
Explanation
GraphicsLayer holds client-side Graphic objects that can be added and removed at runtime, which suits temporary sketch-style markers. Basemap caches are read-only, recentering does not create geometry, and creating a feature layer per point is wasteful and persistent.
Question 39ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer calls a geoprocessing service asynchronously and receives a job ID. Which step retrieves the output?
- Query the service's layer 0 with the job ID as an object ID
- Call the service's generateToken endpoint with the job ID
- Poll the job status endpoint until it succeeds, then request the results Correct answer.
- Resubmit the same job parameters until outputs appear
Explanation
Asynchronous geoprocessing returns a job ID; the client polls the jobs endpoint until the status indicates success, then fetches results from the results resource. Tokens, resubmission, and layer queries do not expose job outputs.
Question 40ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer needs to convert an address to coordinates inside a web app before adding a graphic. Which ArcGIS REST service performs this geocoding step?
- The feature service's applyEdits operation
- The map service's export operation
- The geocode service's findAddressCandidates operation Correct answer.
- The geometry service's areasAndLengths operation
Explanation
The geocode service exposes findAddressCandidates, which accepts an address and returns candidate locations with coordinates and scores. Geometry, feature, and map services handle measurement, editing, and map image export rather than address matching.
Question 41ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer must let users pan and zoom a map but prevent accidental edits to a feature layer. Which configuration meets this requirement?
- Publish the layer with the query capability disabled
- Set the layer's renderer to a null symbol
- Disable the map's navigation and rely on the layer's popup
- Enable the layer's editing capability in the service but omit editing tools and set the layer's editable property to false in the app Correct answer.
Explanation
Editing is controlled both by service capability and by client-side settings; keeping capability available while marking the layer non-editable and omitting edit widgets prevents edits without breaking navigation. Disabling navigation, hiding symbols, or removing query capability does not target editing and harms usability.
Question 42ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer needs to know how many features in a layer satisfy a definition expression without transferring the features. Which query setting returns that number?
- returnGeometry=true with outFields=*
- returnDistinctValues=true with outFields=objectid
- returnCountOnly=true with a where clause Correct answer.
- resultRecordCount=1 with no where clause
Explanation
returnCountOnly returns a single count of features matching the where clause, avoiding feature transfer. Returning geometry or all fields transfers records, distinct values return a value list, and limiting record count returns features rather than a total.
Question 43ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer receives a token response that includes both an access token and its expires_in value. What should the app do as expiry approaches?
- Continue using the expired token because it remains valid
- Call generateToken with the user's password stored in the app
- Re-register the application to obtain a new client ID
- Use the refresh token to obtain a new access token before the old one expires Correct answer.
Explanation
The refresh token lets the app request a fresh access token without prompting the user again, which is the intended renewal mechanism. Re-registering, storing user passwords, or reusing expired tokens either breaks the flow or is insecure and ineffective.
Question 44ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer wants to search for features whose geometry intersects a polygon drawn by the user. Which query parameters are required?
- geometry with the polygon, geometryType=esriGeometryPolygon, and spatialRel=esriSpatialRelIntersects Correct answer.
- outFields=* and returnGeometry=false only
- orderByFields with the polygon's object ID
- where=1=1 only, with no geometry
Explanation
Spatial filtering requires the input geometry, its geometry type, and a spatial relationship such as intersects; the service then returns features meeting that predicate. A where clause alone, output field settings, or ordering does not perform spatial filtering.
Question 45ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer needs to publish a map image layer whose symbology and labels are rendered by the server for many concurrent users. Which service type should be published?
- A geoprocessing service with a buffer model
- A geocode service with candidate fields
- A geometry service with projection tools
- A map service with map image tiles or dynamic layers Correct answer.
Explanation
Map services render cartography on the server and can serve cached tiles or dynamic map images, which scales well for many viewers. Geocode, geometry, and geoprocessing services provide address matching, measurement, and analysis rather than rendered map cartography.
Question 46ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer must choose between a feature layer backed by a registered data store and a hosted feature layer for a large authoritative dataset that changes nightly in an enterprise geodatabase. Which choice fits best?
- A CSV file uploaded to the portal as an item
- A feature layer referencing the enterprise geodatabase through a registered data store Correct answer.
- A hosted feature layer that stores a copy in the portal
- A web map with no operational layer
Explanation
Referencing an enterprise geodatabase through a registered data store keeps the authoritative data in place and reflects nightly changes without copying. Hosted layers copy data into the portal, CSV items are static snapshots, and a web map without layers serves no data.
Question 47ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer's app must render hundreds of thousands of points smoothly while preserving per-feature popups. Which approach best balances performance and interactivity?
- Convert the points to a single static map image with no layer
- Publish the points as a feature layer and use clustering or a scale-dependent renderer Correct answer.
- Query all features on every pan and redraw them
- Load all features into a GraphicsLayer at startup
Explanation
A feature layer with clustering or scale-dependent rendering reduces the number of drawn symbols at small scales while keeping features queryable for popups. A static image loses interactivity, loading everything at startup is slow, and requerying on every pan overloads the service.
Question 48ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer needs to apply the same edit to a related parent and child record atomically in a feature service. Which approach is most reliable?
- Send two separate applyEdits requests from the client and retry failures
- Write the parent edit to a CSV and the child edit to the service
- Submit both edits in one applyEdits request using the service's edit capabilities Correct answer.
- Use a query request to update both records
Explanation
Batching related edits into a single applyEdits request lets the service process them together and report per-edit results, reducing partial-update risk. Separate requests can leave inconsistent state, CSV files are not part of the service, and query operations do not modify data.
Question 49ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer builds an app that must work offline on tablets and later reconcile edits made on multiple devices. Which design consideration is most important?
- Store edits only in browser local storage with no sync
- Require devices to overwrite the whole layer on reconnect
- Enable sync on the feature layer and use a replica-based workflow with conflict handling Correct answer.
- Disable the layer's global ID field to simplify records
Explanation
Offline editing relies on sync-enabled layers and replicas that track changes per device, with conflict resolution when edits overlap. Removing global IDs breaks replica tracking, overwriting the layer loses other devices' work, and local storage alone never reaches the service.
Question 50ArcGIS Developer Foundation
A developer's REST query intermittently fails with an error about exceeding the transfer limit. Which strategy resolves it while preserving all records?
- Add returnGeometry=false and assume all records arrived
- Set returnCountOnly=true and stop
- Page through results using resultOffset and resultRecordCount ordered by a stable field Correct answer.
- Increase the where clause to exclude half the records
Explanation
The service caps how many records a single response may contain, so the client must paginate with resultOffset and resultRecordCount, ordering by a stable field to keep pages consistent. Counting, dropping geometry, or filtering out records does not retrieve the full dataset.