Abstract Reasoning - A Fixed Scan for Multiple Rules
Abstract reasoning items use no words: you get a series of figures, a 2×2 or 3×3 matrix, or a figure analogy, and must pick the option that continues the pattern. The test measures fluid pattern detection - noticing how many elements there are, where they sit, how they are oriented and filled - under tight time pressure.
Scan in a fixed order
For each figure note, in this order: number of elements, type of shape (sides, curves), position, orientation, size, fill and shading, symmetry, and whether elements are added, removed or overlaid. Then compare consecutive frames and ask what changed and by how much. A fixed scan stops you fixating on the most eye-catching element.
Expect two or three independent rules
Most items combine rules: the outer shape rotates 90° clockwise while the inner dot moves one corner anticlockwise and the shading alternates. Odd and even frames sometimes follow separate rules, so also check frames 1-3-5 and 2-4-6. In matrices, read across rows and down columns; a rule may hold in one direction only.
Worked example
A square has a black dot and a white dot on its corners. Frame 1: black top-left, white top-right. Frame 2: black top-right, white top-left. Frame 3: black bottom-right, white bottom-left. Rule: the black dot moves one corner clockwise each frame; the white dot moves one corner anticlockwise. Frame 4 therefore has the black dot bottom-left and the white dot bottom-right. An option with both dots on the same corner breaks the pattern; an option showing the whole square mirrored instead of rotated also breaks it.
Rotation versus reflection
Rotation preserves handedness and the order of elements around a shape; reflection reverses it. A mirror image will not fit a rotation series. With arrows or asymmetric shapes, check one distinctive feature (where the notch points) rather than the whole figure.
Traps that cost marks
- Stopping at the first rule that fits; test a second element before answering.
- Missing an element that appears, disappears or changes fill.
- Confusing 'moves two steps' with 'moves one step twice'.
- Choosing an option that fits two frames but not the whole series.
- Overfitting: if a pattern needs three exceptions, it is the wrong pattern.
- Spending three minutes on one item; mark it and return if time allows.