Preflight Preparation
What must be true before you launch
Preflight preparation is where the examiner separates pilots who memorize lists from pilots who understand the regulation behind the list. Know 14 CFR 91.103: before any flight you must become familiar with all available information, which specifically includes runway lengths at airports of intended use, takeoff and landing distance data, weather reports and forecasts, fuel requirements, and alternatives if the flight cannot be completed as planned. The document set most often tested is ARROW: Airworthiness certificate, Registration, Radio station license (only for international flight), Operating limitations (POH and placards), and Weight and balance data.
Inspections and time limits
Annual inspection - 12 calendar months, every aircraft. 100-hour inspection - required only when the aircraft carries persons other than crew or is operated for compensation/hire. ELT inspection - 12 calendar months. Transponder test - 24 calendar months. Pitot-static/altimeter/encoder - 24 calendar months, required for IFR. VOR check - 30 days, IFR only. Questions love to swap these intervals, or to imply the 100-hour inspection is universally required.
Performance, weight, and the human
Compute weight and balance and density-altitude performance before you go, not after. VFR fuel reserves are 30 minutes day and 45 minutes night (91.151); an alternate is not required for VFR, but a plan for one often is prudent. Use IMSAFE for yourself and check NOTAMs, TFRs, and the POH for the exact airframe.
Worked example
A 2.0-hour leg at 10 gph burns 20 gallons. Add a 30-minute day reserve at the same burn (5 gal) and you need 25 gallons usable - not 20. Trap: students add reserve as time but forget to convert it to fuel, or use the 45-minute night figure on a day flight.