Georgian grammatical foundations
Georgian grammar must be studied through actual Georgian constructions rather than transferred mechanically from English, Russian or another language. Begin with the participants, verb form and intended relationship in the complete sentence. A familiar translation can conceal a different pattern of case marking or agreement. A school grammatical label becomes useful when it explains the actual form, not when it substitutes for understanding the sentence.
Modern Georgian nouns are conventionally described through seven cases. Common reference paradigms distinguish nominative, ergative, dative, genitive, instrumental, adverbial and vocative forms. The ending appropriate to a particular stem can differ from a simplistic one-suffix list. The genitive relationship is not interchangeable with every expression translated as from, and a postpositional construction requires its actual grammatical analysis. Do not identify the historical case base of a form only from its English preposition.
The verb system combines person, number, tense, aspect, mood and other distinctions through patterns conventionally organized as screeves and series. A screeve is not simply a single English tense word. Some verb forms encode more than one participant. Study the complete paradigm and construction before generalizing a marker's function. An example of a first-person prefix in an active verb does not establish that every class of Georgian verb marks subjects in exactly the same way.
Case alignment depends on the relevant verb class and series. A familiar active transitive aorist pattern can differ from a present-series pattern, and inversion occurs in relevant perfect-series constructions. A broad assertion that every intransitive aorist subject must have the same case would ignore distinctions among verb classes. Use specific verified examples rather than extend a rule from one construction to every verb translated as intransitive in English.
Georgian script, orthography and syntax require direct practice. The contemporary Mkhedruli alphabet and a transliteration are different representations; recognizing a Latin rendering does not prove fluent reading of the Georgian form. Historical poetry also uses forms and spellings that should not automatically be imposed on every contemporary writing task. Consult current recognized grammar and school references, then explain why a competing form changes the intended construction. This chapter gives selected foundations, not a complete specialist grammar or an independent native-examiner certification of all regional and historical usage.