Container handling equipment: gantry cranes, reach stackers, forklifts and prime movers
This domain tests your knowledge of what each machine can and cannot safely do, the pre-use checks expected of an operator, and the stability limits that catch out inexperienced planners.
Gantry cranes
STS cranes work the vessel over the apron; RTGs and RMGs work the yard stack. Key points: the rated capacity applies to a defined configuration (boom, trolley position, wind); the spreader must show four-corner engagement before hoisting; wind speed limits and tie-down procedures apply, especially for RTGs; rail clamps and anti-collision systems must be functional; the crane box is a no-entry zone while working.
Reach stackers
A telescopic boom machine whose capacity falls quickly as the boom extends and the load is held further out and higher. The load chart must be read for the actual boom length, angle and attachment; second-row and third-row stacking may be outside the chart for heavy boxes. Wheel loads and tyre condition matter, and the rear axle can lift if the chart is exceeded.
Forklifts
Counterbalance trucks are rated at a stated load centre; lifting a load further out or higher reduces capacity. Never lift people on the forks without an approved platform and restraint; never use forks to push or tow unless designed for it.
Prime movers and internal tractors
Check the fifth wheel or coupling, trailer twistlocks, brakes and lights. The driver stays in the cab during loading and unloading unless the procedure requires otherwise, and no one rides on the trailer.
Pre-use checks and defects
Daily checks cover tyres, brakes, horn, lights, alarms, seat belt, fire extinguisher, lifting gear and spreader indicators. Defects are reported and the machine is tagged out; only trained, certified operators use loadshifting machinery.
Worked example
A reach stacker is asked to place a 30-tonne laden 40 ft box in the third row at four high. The chart for that boom extension and height shows a capacity below 30 tonnes, so the lift is refused and the box is planned into a position within the chart, or handled by an RMG. The reasoning is capacity at the actual radius, not the maximum plated capacity.
Traps that cost marks
- Quoting a machine's headline capacity as if it applied to every lift.
- Assuming a forklift can lift a container by its corner castings without a proper spreader.
- Ignoring tyre pressure, wheel load and ground condition.