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Huawei HCIA-Datacom practice questions

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Question 1Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

Which OSI layer is responsible for logical addressing and path selection between networks?

  1. Network layer Correct answer.
  2. Data link layer
  3. Transport layer
  4. Physical layer

Explanation

The network layer handles logical (IP) addressing and determines the best path for packets across interconnected networks. Routers operate primarily at this layer. The data link layer deals with local frame delivery, the transport layer with end-to-end connections, and the physical layer with signal transmission.

Question 2Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

How many bits long is a MAC address?

  1. 48 bits Correct answer.
  2. 64 bits
  3. 128 bits
  4. 32 bits

Explanation

A MAC address is 48 bits, usually written as 12 hexadecimal digits in six groups. The first 24 bits identify the vendor (OUI) and the last 24 bits identify the interface. This length is defined by IEEE 802 standards.

Question 3Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

What is the protocol data unit (PDU) of the transport layer called?

  1. Segment Correct answer.
  2. Frame
  3. Packet
  4. Bit

Explanation

At the transport layer the PDU is called a segment (or datagram for UDP). It becomes a packet at the network layer, a frame at the data link layer, and bits at the physical layer. This naming reflects the encapsulation performed at each layer.

Question 4Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

Which sequence correctly describes the TCP three-way handshake?

  1. SYN, SYN+ACK, ACK Correct answer.
  2. SYN, ACK, SYN+ACK
  3. SYN+ACK, SYN, ACK
  4. ACK, SYN, SYN+ACK

Explanation

The initiator sends a SYN, the responder replies with SYN+ACK acknowledging the first SYN and synchronizing its own sequence number, and the initiator completes with an ACK. After this exchange both sides have synchronized sequence numbers and the connection is established.

Question 5Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

Which TCP port is used by HTTPS by default?

  1. 53
  2. 443 Correct answer.
  3. 80
  4. 22

Explanation

HTTPS uses TCP port 443 by default, encrypting HTTP traffic with TLS. Port 80 is the default for plain HTTP. Port 22 belongs to SSH and port 53 to DNS.

Question 6Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

Which address is the Ethernet broadcast MAC address?

  1. FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-00
  2. 00-00-00-00-00-00
  3. 01-00-5E-00-00-01
  4. FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF Correct answer.

Explanation

A broadcast frame uses all 48 bits set to 1, written as FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF. Every station on the local broadcast domain accepts such a frame. It is never used as a source address.

Question 7Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

What is the function of ARP?

  1. Mapping a MAC address to an IPv4 address
  2. Mapping a port number to an application service
  3. Mapping an IPv4 address to a MAC address Correct answer.
  4. Mapping a domain name to an IP address

Explanation

ARP resolves a known IPv4 address to the corresponding MAC address on the local link so that frames can be encapsulated with a destination MAC. The result is cached in the ARP table for a period of time. Reverse mapping of MAC to IP is handled by RARP or other mechanisms, not by standard ARP.

Question 8Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

Which of the following is a private IPv4 address range defined in RFC 1918?

  1. 10.0.0.0/8 Correct answer.
  2. 169.254.0.0/16
  3. 224.0.0.0/4
  4. 192.0.2.0/24

Explanation

RFC 1918 defines 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16 as private ranges that are not routed on the public Internet. Addresses in these ranges require NAT to reach external networks. The other options serve documentation, link-local, or multicast purposes.

Question 9Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

How many usable host addresses does an IPv4 subnet with a /26 prefix contain?

  1. 126
  2. 30
  3. 64
  4. 62 Correct answer.

Explanation

A /26 leaves 6 host bits, giving 2^6 = 64 total addresses. Subtracting the network and broadcast addresses leaves 62 usable host addresses. The /26 mask is 255.255.255.192.

Question 10Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

How many equal-size subnets are created when a /24 network is subnetted with a /27 mask?

  1. 4
  2. 32
  3. 8 Correct answer.
  4. 16

Explanation

Moving from /24 to /27 borrows 3 bits for the subnet portion. The number of subnets is 2^3 = 8, each containing 32 addresses. Each /27 subnet provides 30 usable host addresses.

Question 11Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

What is the purpose of a host's default gateway?

  1. Resolving host names to IP addresses
  2. Assigning IP addresses automatically
  3. Filtering frames by MAC address
  4. Forwarding traffic destined for other networks Correct answer.

Explanation

The default gateway is the router address a host uses when the destination IP is outside its own subnet. The host sends such frames to the gateway's MAC address for onward routing. Traffic to local subnets is delivered directly without the gateway.

Question 12Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

Which protocol is connection-oriented and provides reliable, ordered delivery?

  1. ICMP
  2. TCP Correct answer.
  3. UDP
  4. IP

Explanation

TCP establishes a connection with a three-way handshake and uses sequence numbers, acknowledgments, and retransmissions to provide reliable ordered delivery. UDP is connectionless and does not guarantee delivery. IP and ICMP are not transport-layer reliability protocols.

Question 13Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

Which protocol is used by tools such as ping and traceroute to report errors and test reachability?

  1. DHCP
  2. SNMP
  3. ARP
  4. ICMP Correct answer.

Explanation

ICMP carries control and error messages at the network layer, and ping and traceroute rely on it to test reachability and path. Typical messages include Echo Request/Reply and Destination Unreachable. It does not carry user application data.

Question 14Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

Which device separates broadcast domains by default?

  1. Layer 2 switch
  2. Hub
  3. Repeater
  4. Router Correct answer.

Explanation

Each router interface is its own broadcast domain because routers do not forward broadcast frames between interfaces. A Layer 2 switch forwards broadcasts out of all ports in the same VLAN, forming one broadcast domain. Hubs and repeaters simply regenerate signals.

Question 15Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

Which statement about full-duplex Ethernet is correct?

  1. It requires CSMA/CD to prevent collisions
  2. It allows simultaneous transmission and reception on a point-to-point link Correct answer.
  3. It allows transmission in only one direction at a time
  4. It increases the maximum cable length by a factor of two

Explanation

In full-duplex mode the transmit and receive paths are independent, so a station can send and receive at the same time and collisions do not occur. CSMA/CD is therefore disabled on full-duplex links. Half-duplex links share one medium and require collision detection.

Question 16Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

How many bits are in an IPv6 address?

  1. 64 bits
  2. 32 bits
  3. 128 bits Correct answer.
  4. 48 bits

Explanation

An IPv6 address is 128 bits long, written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits. It is commonly split into a 64-bit network prefix and a 64-bit interface identifier. IPv4 addresses are 32 bits.

Question 17Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

What is the directed broadcast address of the subnet 192.168.1.0/26?

  1. 192.168.1.127
  2. 192.168.1.255
  3. 192.168.1.64
  4. 192.168.1.63 Correct answer.

Explanation

A /26 has a block size of 64 addresses, so the first subnet runs from 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.63. The highest address in the block is the broadcast address, which is 192.168.1.63. The next subnet starts at 192.168.1.64.

Question 18Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

Which port range is defined as the well-known ports?

  1. 0-255
  2. 1024-49151
  3. 49152-65535
  4. 0-1023 Correct answer.

Explanation

IANA divides TCP and UDP port numbers into well-known ports (0-1023), registered ports (1024-49151), and dynamic or private ports (49152-65535). Well-known ports are assigned to common services such as HTTP, SSH, and DNS.

Question 19Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

Which sequence correctly shows data encapsulation as it moves down the protocol stack?

  1. Data, segment, packet, frame, bits Correct answer.
  2. Data, frame, packet, segment, bits
  3. Data, packet, segment, frame, bits
  4. Frame, packet, segment, data, bits

Explanation

At the sending host, application data is passed to the transport layer and becomes a segment, then a packet at the network layer, then a frame at the data link layer, and finally bits on the medium. Each layer adds its own header (and trailer, for Ethernet). Decapsulation reverses this order at the receiver.

Question 20Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

What is the main function of DHCP?

  1. Dynamically assigning IP configuration to hosts Correct answer.
  2. Translating domain names into IP addresses
  3. Encrypting management traffic between devices
  4. Resolving MAC addresses to IPv4 addresses

Explanation

DHCP automatically provides hosts with an IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server information from a configured pool. This reduces manual configuration errors and address conflicts. The lease mechanism allows addresses to be reused.

Question 21Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

The address 200.1.1.130/26 belongs to which subnet?

  1. 200.1.1.0/26
  2. 200.1.1.192/26
  3. 200.1.1.64/26
  4. 200.1.1.128/26 Correct answer.

Explanation

With a /26 mask the block size is 64, so the subnet boundaries are .0, .64, .128, and .192. The address .130 falls between .128 and .191, so it belongs to 200.1.1.128/26. Its usable host range is .129 through .190.

Question 22Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

How many /30 subnets can be created from the network 192.168.1.0/24?

  1. 128
  2. 64 Correct answer.
  3. 32
  4. 16

Explanation

Going from /24 to /30 borrows 6 bits for subnetting, so 2^6 = 64 subnets are produced. Each /30 subnet has 4 addresses, of which 2 are usable, which is why /30 is common on point-to-point links.

Question 23Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

How are ARP request and ARP reply messages sent on an Ethernet LAN?

  1. Both the request and the reply are broadcast
  2. The request is unicast and the reply is broadcast
  3. Both the request and the reply are unicast
  4. The request is broadcast and the reply is unicast Correct answer.

Explanation

The sender does not yet know the target MAC address, so the ARP request is flooded to the broadcast MAC address. The station that owns the target IP address answers directly to the requester's known unicast MAC address. The result is then cached by both parties.

Question 24Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

An IPv4 router receives a packet larger than the MTU of the outgoing link and the DF bit is not set. What does the router do?

  1. It drops the packet and returns ICMP Destination Unreachable
  2. It forwards the packet unchanged
  3. It discards the packet silently
  4. It fragments the packet to fit the link MTU Correct answer.

Explanation

In IPv4, when a packet exceeds the outgoing MTU and the Don't Fragment bit is clear, the router splits it into fragments that fit the link. The destination reassembles them using the identification, fragment offset, and MF fields. If DF were set, the router would drop the packet and return ICMP Fragmentation Needed.

Question 25Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

What is the purpose of the TCP sliding window mechanism?

  1. Telling the sender how much data the receiver can accept Correct answer.
  2. Detecting bit errors with a checksum
  3. Selecting the best path across the network
  4. Mapping IP addresses to link-layer addresses

Explanation

The receive window advertises the amount of data the receiver is willing to buffer, which lets the sender adjust its transmission rate and avoid overwhelming the receiver. This is TCP flow control. Window scaling can enlarge the window on high-bandwidth, high-latency links.

Question 26Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

Which IPv4 header field is decremented by each router along the path so that packets cannot circulate indefinitely?

  1. Header Checksum
  2. Type of Service
  3. Time-to-Live Correct answer.
  4. Identification

Explanation

Every router that forwards an IPv4 packet reduces the Time-to-Live value by one. When the value reaches zero the packet is discarded and an ICMP Time Exceeded message is returned to the source, which prevents forwarding loops from persisting. The other header fields carry priority, error-detection and fragmentation information rather than a hop counter.

Question 27Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

The IPv4 address 224.0.0.5 belongs to which address category?

  1. Multicast Correct answer.
  2. Private unicast
  3. Limited broadcast
  4. Public unicast

Explanation

IPv4 addresses whose first octet lies between 224 and 239 are Class D addresses, and this range is reserved for multicast group addressing. A packet sent to such an address is delivered to every host that has joined that group. Unicast, private and broadcast addresses all fall outside this range.

Question 28Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

A subnet must support at least 500 usable host addresses. Which of the following prefix lengths is the longest one that still meets this requirement?

  1. /24
  2. /23 Correct answer.
  3. /21
  4. /22

Explanation

A prefix of /23 leaves 9 host bits, giving 512 addresses, of which 510 are usable after removing the network and broadcast addresses. A /24 leaves only 254 usable addresses, which is below the requirement, while /22 and /21 also work but are less specific than necessary. Choosing the longest prefix that satisfies the host count conserves address space.

Question 29Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

A Layer 2 switch receives a frame whose destination MAC address is not present in its MAC address table. How does the switch handle the frame?

  1. It floods the frame out of all other ports that belong to the same VLAN. Correct answer.
  2. It discards the frame and reports an unreachable destination to the sender.
  3. It sends the frame back out only the port on which it arrived.
  4. It holds the frame until the destination host announces its MAC address.

Explanation

When the destination MAC address is unknown, a switch performs unknown-unicast flooding, copying the frame to every other port in the same VLAN except the ingress port. The destination host replies, and the switch learns its MAC address from that reply so future frames can be forwarded directly. Broadcast and multicast frames are flooded in the same way.

Question 30Data Communication and Network Fundamentals

A PC is configured with IP address 10.0.0.5/24 and default gateway 10.0.1.1. The PC can reach other hosts on 10.0.0.0/24 but cannot reach any remote network. What is the cause?

  1. The PC automatically learns the correct gateway from a routing protocol running on the LAN.
  2. The PC needs ARP entries for every remote destination before it can send traffic.
  3. The PC sends the traffic directly to 10.0.1.1 because routers forward frames regardless of subnet.
  4. The gateway address lies outside the PC's subnet, so the PC cannot resolve a MAC address for it. Correct answer.

Explanation

With a /24 mask the host's local subnet is 10.0.0.0/24, and 10.0.1.1 is not part of it. To reach a remote destination the host must ARP for the gateway on the local link, which fails when the gateway address is off-subnet, so the packet is never forwarded. The gateway must be configured with an address inside the host's own subnet.

Question 31IP Addressing and Routing Fundamentals (static routing, OSPF basics)

Which destination prefix identifies a default static route?

  1. 127.0.0.0/8
  2. 0.0.0.0/32
  3. 0.0.0.0/0 Correct answer.
  4. 255.255.255.255/32

Explanation

A prefix of 0.0.0.0 with a mask of 0 bits matches every destination address, so it functions as the route of last resort. Routers use it only when no more specific prefix in the routing table matches the packet's destination.

Question 32IP Addressing and Routing Fundamentals (static routing, OSPF basics)

On a Huawei VRP router, which command creates a static route to 192.168.2.0/24 with next hop 10.0.0.2?

  1. static route 192.168.2.0/24 10.0.0.2
  2. ip route-static 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2 Correct answer.
  3. ip route 192.168.2.0 0.0.0.255 10.0.0.2
  4. route add 192.168.2.0 mask 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2

Explanation

Huawei VRP uses the ip route-static command, followed by the destination network, the destination mask in dotted-decimal form, and the next-hop address. The mask must be given as a subnet mask, not as a prefix length or wildcard mask.

Question 33IP Addressing and Routing Fundamentals (static routing, OSPF basics)

Which IP protocol number is carried in the IP header of OSPF packets?

  1. 88
  2. 6
  3. 89 Correct answer.
  4. 17

Explanation

OSPF is identified by protocol number 89 in the IP header, which allows the receiving router to hand the packet to the OSPF process. OSPF runs directly over IP and does not use TCP or UDP.

Question 34IP Addressing and Routing Fundamentals (static routing, OSPF basics)

What is the default Hello interval on an OSPF interface whose network type is broadcast?

  1. 30 seconds
  2. 5 seconds
  3. 10 seconds Correct answer.
  4. 40 seconds

Explanation

On broadcast and point-to-point network types, Huawei devices send OSPF Hellos every 10 seconds by default. The dead interval defaults to four times the Hello interval, so it is 40 seconds on those network types.

Question 35IP Addressing and Routing Fundamentals (static routing, OSPF basics)

What is the default preference value of a static route on Huawei VRP?

  1. 60 Correct answer.
  2. 100
  3. 150
  4. 10

Explanation

VRP assigns static routes a default preference of 60, which makes them preferred over RIP routes but less preferred than OSPF internal routes. The preference can be changed by appending a value to the ip route-static command.

Question 36IP Addressing and Routing Fundamentals (static routing, OSPF basics)

Which OSPF packet type is responsible for discovering neighbors and keeping the neighbor relationship alive?

  1. Database Description
  2. Link State Update
  3. Hello Correct answer.
  4. Link State Request

Explanation

Hello packets are sent periodically on OSPF-enabled interfaces to discover neighbors and to confirm that the neighbor is still reachable. Loss of Hellos for the dead interval tears the neighbor relationship down.

Question 37IP Addressing and Routing Fundamentals (static routing, OSPF basics)

A router's routing table contains 10.0.0.0/8, 10.1.0.0/16 and 10.1.1.0/24. Which entry is used to forward a packet destined for 10.1.1.5?

  1. 0.0.0.0/0
  2. 10.1.1.0/24 Correct answer.
  3. 10.1.0.0/16
  4. 10.0.0.0/8

Explanation

All three routes match the destination, so the router applies the longest-match rule and selects the entry with the most specific prefix. The /24 entry matches 24 bits, which is more than the /16 or /8 entries.

Question 38IP Addressing and Routing Fundamentals (static routing, OSPF basics)

How does an OSPF router choose its Router ID when no router-id command is configured?

  1. The IP address of the DR on the segment
  2. The highest loopback address, else the highest interface address Correct answer.
  3. The lowest IP address configured on any interface of the router
  4. The MAC address of the first Ethernet interface on the router

Explanation

Without an explicit router-id, the highest IP address among loopback interfaces is used. If no loopback address exists, the highest IP address among active physical interfaces is used instead.

Question 39IP Addressing and Routing Fundamentals (static routing, OSPF basics)

A static route points to a destination on a multi-access Ethernet network. Which next-hop form is recommended?

  1. Specify the outbound interface with a preference below 10
  2. Specify only the outbound Ethernet interface
  3. Specify the next-hop IP address Correct answer.
  4. Specify the destination as 0.0.0.0/0

Explanation

On a broadcast network, specifying the next-hop address lets the router resolve a single ARP entry for the neighbour. Pointing only at the Ethernet interface forces the router to ARP for every individual destination address in the prefix.

Question 40IP Addressing and Routing Fundamentals (static routing, OSPF basics)

A static route is configured as ip route-static 10.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.1.1, but no route to 192.168.1.1 exists. What is the result?

  1. The router resolves the next hop using only the default route
  2. The route is installed and matching packets are discarded by the router
  3. The route is installed automatically with preference 255
  4. The route stays inactive until a route to the next hop exists Correct answer.

Explanation

A static route must pass a recursive lookup on its next-hop address before it can be placed in the routing table. If the next hop is unreachable, the route remains inactive and is not used for forwarding.

Question 41IP Addressing and Routing Fundamentals (static routing, OSPF basics)

Which OSPF neighbor state shows that the two routers have fully synchronised link-state databases and can exchange routing information?

  1. Exchange
  2. Init
  3. 2-Way
  4. Full Correct answer.

Explanation

In the Full state the routers have completed the database description and loading phases, so their LSDBs match and routes can be computed over the adjacency. Full is the normal end state for routers that must become adjacent.

Question 42IP Addressing and Routing Fundamentals (static routing, OSPF basics)

On a broadcast OSPF network, which values decide the DR and BDR election?

  1. Highest interface MAC address, then highest priority
  2. Lowest Router ID, then lowest priority
  3. Lowest interface priority, then lowest Router ID
  4. Highest interface DR priority, then highest Router ID Correct answer.

Explanation

The router with the highest interface DR priority wins; if priorities tie, the highest Router ID breaks the tie. An interface with priority 0 is never elected DR or BDR.

Question 43IP Addressing and Routing Fundamentals (static routing, OSPF basics)

Two directly connected routers enable OSPF on the shared link, but one interface uses a 10-second Hello interval and the other uses 30 seconds. What is the outcome?

  1. They never become neighbours because the Hello intervals differ Correct answer.
  2. They become neighbours but remain in ExStart
  3. They form a Full adjacency and exchange routes normally
  4. They become neighbours only after the DR election completes

Explanation

Hello and dead intervals must match on both ends of a link before an adjacency can form. When the intervals differ, each router's Hellos are rejected as invalid and the relationship never leaves the Down state.

Question 44IP Addressing and Routing Fundamentals (static routing, OSPF basics)

With the default reference bandwidth of 100 Mbit/s, what OSPF cost is calculated for a 10 Mbit/s interface?

  1. 100
  2. 1000
  3. 1
  4. 10 Correct answer.

Explanation

OSPF cost is the reference bandwidth divided by the interface bandwidth, so 100 Mbit/s divided by 10 Mbit/s gives a cost of 10. The cost can be changed manually or by adjusting the reference bandwidth.

Question 45IP Addressing and Routing Fundamentals (static routing, OSPF basics)

Two routers on the same segment stay in the ExStart state and never progress. Which cause fits this symptom?

  1. Authentication keys differ on the two routers
  2. Both routers are configured with the same Router ID
  3. Area IDs do not match on the two interfaces
  4. MTU values differ on the two interfaces Correct answer.

Explanation

A mismatch in interface MTU produces exactly this symptom, because the larger Database Description packet is discarded and the exchange restarts repeatedly. The fix is either to align the MTU values or to ignore the MTU check on the interface.

Question 46IP Addressing and Routing Fundamentals (static routing, OSPF basics)

Which command enables OSPF on an interface with address 192.168.1.1/24 in area 0, using Huawei syntax?

  1. network 192.168.1.0/24 area 0
  2. network 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 area 0
  3. network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 Correct answer.
  4. network 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 area 0

Explanation

Huawei uses the network command with a network address and a wildcard mask, followed by the area keyword. The wildcard 0.0.0.255 matches all addresses inside 192.168.1.0/24.

Question 47IP Addressing and Routing Fundamentals (static routing, OSPF basics)

A router has one interface in area 0 and another interface in area 1. What is its OSPF role?

  1. Internal router
  2. Designated Router
  3. Autonomous System Boundary Router
  4. Area Border Router Correct answer.

Explanation

A router with interfaces in more than one area is an Area Border Router, and it generates summary LSAs between the areas it connects. At least one of its areas must normally be the backbone, area 0.

Question 48IP Addressing and Routing Fundamentals (static routing, OSPF basics)

A new router with DR priority 200 joins a broadcast segment where the DR election has already finished. What happens?

  1. It stays a DRother until the DR fails or the process restarts Correct answer.
  2. It becomes DR after the next Hello interval expires
  3. It immediately preempts the current DR because its priority is higher
  4. It becomes BDR and the current BDR becomes DR

Explanation

OSPF DR and BDR election is not preemptive, so a router that joins later cannot displace the existing DR even with a higher priority. It remains a DRother until the current DR fails or the OSPF process is restarted.

Question 49IP Addressing and Routing Fundamentals (static routing, OSPF basics)

Why is a static route pointing to the Null0 interface commonly configured?

  1. To discard traffic for a summarized prefix and prevent loops Correct answer.
  2. To forward matching traffic to a faster next-hop router in the path
  3. To redistribute the prefix automatically into OSPF
  4. To provide a lower-priority backup path for dynamic routes

Explanation

Null0 is a discard interface, so a static route to Null0 silently drops traffic that matches the prefix. It is typically used together with a summary route to prevent forwarding loops when some more specific components of the summary do not exist.

Question 50IP Addressing and Routing Fundamentals (static routing, OSPF basics)

What is the effect of the silent-interface command applied to an OSPF-enabled interface?

  1. Hellos stop but the router still forms full adjacencies
  2. OSPF packets are suppressed but the network is still advertised Correct answer.
  3. The interface stops forwarding all IP traffic including data
  4. The interface is shut down and the network is withdrawn from OSPF

Explanation

A silent interface stops sending and receiving OSPF packets, so no adjacency can form over it. The connected network is still advertised in the router's LSAs, which makes the command suitable for user-facing interfaces.