Civil and Commercial Law for Road Passenger Transport
A candidate must master the contract of carriage as a civil-law relationship: the carrier undertakes to move passengers (and their luggage) safely to the agreed destination for a fare. Know the difference between the contractual liability owed to paying passengers and the extra-contractual (tort) liability owed to third parties. Master the carrier's obligation of safety - it is generally an obligation of result for the passenger's physical integrity, relaxed only by force majeure, the passenger's own fault, or a third party's unforeseeable act. Understand fault-based versus strict liability, the burden of proof (the carrier often must prove an exonerating cause), and the rules on luggage: hand luggage versus registered hold luggage, deadlines for reporting loss or damage, and the carrier's right to exclude liability for valuables. Also study the commercial side: formation of the ticket contract, the passenger's duty to pay, refunds and cancellation, and the operator's duty to carry within published conditions.
Traps in questions: confusing the standard of liability for injury (result) with that for delays (often a best-efforts standard); assuming a disclaimer clause can waive liability for personal injury (it usually cannot); and mixing contractual with tort claims. Read carefully whether the scenario involves a passenger, a third party, or goods.
Worked rule of thumb: when a passenger is injured, first ask who bears the burden of proving the cause? If the harm arose during carriage and the operator cannot show force majeure or the victim's fault, liability follows - the passenger need not prove negligence.