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IFPO CSS practice questions

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Question 1Protection Officer Fundamentals

In close protection work, what is the primary purpose of the protective detail's advance work before a principal's movement?

  1. To identify and reduce risk along the route and at venues before the principal arrives Correct answer.
  2. To replace local law enforcement authority in the area of operation
  3. To negotiate the principal's public appearance schedule with media outlets
  4. To document the principal's personal spending for accounting purposes

Explanation

Advance work is a risk-reduction process: officers survey routes, venues, and medical support so hazards are identified and mitigated before the principal is exposed. It informs the operational plan and contingency options rather than replacing host-nation authorities.

Question 2Protection Officer Fundamentals

Which term describes the immediate area around the principal where a close protection officer maintains continuous physical proximity and readiness to react?

  1. Staging area
  2. Control point
  3. Inner cordon Correct answer.
  4. Media pen

Explanation

The inner cordon is the tightest protective ring, occupied by close protection officers who can physically intervene within seconds. Outer cordons and control points manage access at greater distance.

Question 3Protection Officer Fundamentals

A protection officer is planning a vehicle route for a principal. Which principle best guides route selection?

  1. Choose the fastest route regardless of predictability
  2. Use a single rehearsed route to build familiarity
  3. Plan primary and alternate routes with pre-identified safe havens Correct answer.
  4. Avoid all main roads to minimize contact with traffic

Explanation

Route planning balances speed, predictability, and escape options. Having alternates and known safe havens allows the detail to divert if the primary route is compromised. Relying on one route creates a predictable pattern that adversaries can exploit.

Question 4Protection Officer Fundamentals

What is the main function of a principal's protective briefing before an event?

  1. To align the principal with security expectations and response actions Correct answer.
  2. To transfer legal liability for incidents to the principal
  3. To collect personal data about attendees for marketing
  4. To entertain the principal before public engagements

Explanation

Briefings ensure the principal understands the plan, knows what to do during an incident, and supports the detail's control measures. They build cooperation rather than shifting liability or gathering marketing data.

Question 5Protection Officer Fundamentals

During a walk-through, an officer notices a single unlocked service door near the principal's speaking stage. What is the most appropriate immediate action?

  1. Note it in the after-action report for later review
  2. Have it secured or covered before the principal arrives Correct answer.
  3. Ask the principal to avoid that side of the stage
  4. Ignore it because the door is outside the public area

Explanation

Unsecured access points are mitigated before exposure, not documented for later. The officer should ensure the door is locked, guarded, or alarmed as part of the venue security plan. Deferring action leaves an open avenue of approach.

Question 6Protection Officer Fundamentals

Which best describes the concept of 'reaction time and distance' in close protection?

  1. The distance between the principal's home and office
  2. The time needed to complete administrative paperwork
  3. The interval between scheduled public appearances
  4. The gap an officer maintains to allow detection and response to a threat Correct answer.

Explanation

Maintaining appropriate distance gives officers time to detect, assess, and respond to a threat before it reaches the principal. Too close reduces reaction options; too far removes the ability to intervene physically.

Question 7Protection Officer Fundamentals

A principal insists on greeting an unscreened crowd at a rope line. Which response best reflects protective judgment?

  1. Allow it only if no cameras are present
  2. Negotiate a controlled format with screening and officer positioning Correct answer.
  3. Refuse outright and cancel the appearance
  4. Agree without conditions to avoid upsetting the principal

Explanation

Protective officers balance the principal's wishes with risk by shaping the activity: controlling access, positioning officers, and limiting exposure time. Outright refusal and unconditional agreement both fail to manage risk.

Question 8Protection Officer Fundamentals

What is the purpose of a protective detail's communication plan?

  1. To manage the principal's social media accounts
  2. To replace written operational orders
  3. To record the principal's travel preferences
  4. To define call signs, channels, and escalation procedures during operations Correct answer.

Explanation

A communication plan standardizes how officers talk, which channels are used, and how incidents are escalated. It supports coordinated response and complements, rather than replaces, written orders.

Question 9Protection Officer Fundamentals

During a protective operation, an officer observes a person repeatedly photographing the principal's vehicle and writing notes. What is the most appropriate first step?

  1. Confront the individual physically
  2. Post the individual's photo on social media
  3. Ignore the behavior as normal curiosity
  4. Report and monitor while gathering details for assessment Correct answer.

Explanation

Suspicious behavior is reported and observed so it can be assessed against threat indicators. Physical confrontation escalates risk, and ignoring it discards potentially useful intelligence. Social media exposure is unprofessional and unsafe.

Question 10Protection Officer Fundamentals

Which document typically records the principal's routines, preferences, medical needs, and key contacts for the protective team?

  1. Incident log
  2. Shift roster
  3. Principal profile Correct answer.
  4. After-action report

Explanation

The principal profile captures the personal and operational information officers need to protect the principal effectively. After-action reports review completed operations, incident logs record events, and rosters assign staff.

Question 11Protection Officer Fundamentals

An officer is assigned to a residence protection post. Which measure most directly reduces risk at the perimeter?

  1. Controlling access points and maintaining observation of approaches Correct answer.
  2. Removing all exterior lighting to avoid attention
  3. Allowing deliveries to enter without verification
  4. Keeping interior lights on all night

Explanation

Perimeter protection depends on controlling who and what can approach, supported by observation and lighting. Unverified deliveries and darkened exteriors create opportunities for intrusion.

Question 12Protection Officer Fundamentals

What does the term 'principal' mean in protective operations?

  1. The client's legal representative
  2. The senior officer commanding the detail
  3. The local police liaison
  4. The person or asset being protected Correct answer.

Explanation

The principal is the individual or asset the protective team exists to safeguard. The detail commander, police liaison, and legal representatives are supporting roles, not the protected subject.

Question 13Protection Officer Fundamentals

A threat assessment identifies a credible, specific threat against a principal. What should the protective plan do first?

  1. Adjust protective measures and brief the principal and team Correct answer.
  2. Publicly announce the threat to deter the source
  3. Take no action until the threat actor acts
  4. Reduce the detail to appear less conspicuous

Explanation

A credible threat requires proportional adjustments to protection and clear communication with the principal and team. Public disclosure is a decision for appropriate authorities, and inaction or reducing protection ignores the risk.

Question 14Protection Officer Fundamentals

Which behavior is a common indicator of pre-attack surveillance?

  1. A vendor making a scheduled delivery
  2. A guest checking in at the front desk
  3. Repeated presence of the same individual across multiple locations Correct answer.
  4. A person asking staff for routine directions

Explanation

Repeated presence of the same person across separate locations and times can indicate pattern-of-life surveillance. Routine directions, scheduled deliveries, and normal check-ins are ordinary activities unless other indicators appear.

Question 15Protection Officer Fundamentals

What is the role of an incident command post during a protective operation?

  1. A location for coordinating response and information flow Correct answer.
  2. A public information booth for media
  3. A storage site for the principal's luggage
  4. A rest area for off-duty officers

Explanation

The command post centralizes coordination, communications, and decision-making during an incident or operation. Media booths, rest areas, and luggage storage serve different functions and do not provide command coordination.

Question 16Protection Officer Fundamentals

A protective driver must evacuate the principal from a venue quickly. Which factor most affects the choice of departure route?

  1. Pre-planned alternates and current traffic and threat information Correct answer.
  2. The route the principal personally prefers
  3. The route with the most scenic value
  4. The shortest route regardless of congestion

Explanation

Emergency departure relies on pre-planned alternates informed by real-time traffic and threat conditions. Scenic value, personal preference, and raw distance do not account for congestion or risk.

Question 17Protection Officer Fundamentals

Which of the following best describes the principle of 'need to know' in protective operations?

  1. Information is withheld from the principal at all times
  2. Only the most senior officer may know the schedule
  3. Information is shared only with those who require it to perform their duties Correct answer.
  4. All team members should receive every piece of information

Explanation

Need to know limits the spread of sensitive operational details to those who require them for their role, reducing the risk of leaks. It does not require withholding information from the principal or restricting all data to one person.

Question 18Protection Officer Fundamentals

During a public event, an officer notices a disturbance in the crowd moving toward the principal. What is the priority action?

  1. Investigate the disturbance personally and leave the principal
  2. Move the principal away and reposition officers between the principal and the disturbance Correct answer.
  3. Wait for the crowd to settle before acting
  4. Announce the incident over the public address system

Explanation

The priority is to remove the principal from the threat while interposing officers as a barrier. Leaving the principal to investigate or waiting for the crowd to settle exposes the principal unnecessarily.

Question 19Protection Officer Fundamentals

What is the primary reason for conducting a post-operation debrief?

  1. To satisfy media requests for information
  2. To capture lessons and improve future protective operations Correct answer.
  3. To assign blame for any mistakes
  4. To reduce the need for future advance work

Explanation

Debriefs identify what worked and what needs improvement so future operations are safer and more effective. They are learning tools, not blame sessions, and do not replace future planning.

Question 20Protection Officer Fundamentals

An officer must hand over protective duty to a colleague mid-shift. What is the most important element of the handover?

  1. A structured briefing covering current threats, positions, and principal status Correct answer.
  2. A brief verbal summary only
  3. A written note left at the post for later reading
  4. A text message to the detail commander

Explanation

A structured handover ensures the incoming officer understands the threat picture, post positions, and principal status before assuming responsibility. Verbal-only, delayed notes, or indirect messages risk gaps in situational awareness.

Question 21Protection Officer Fundamentals

Which factor most influences the size and composition of a protective detail for a given assignment?

  1. The length of the principal's career
  2. The assessed threat level and operational environment Correct answer.
  3. The principal's preferred team size
  4. The number of vehicles available

Explanation

Detail size is driven by threat assessment and the demands of the environment, such as crowd density, venue layout, and travel. Preferences, vehicle count, and career length are secondary considerations.

Question 22Protection Officer Fundamentals

A principal's schedule includes an unannounced stop at a private residence. Which principle applies to protecting the stop?

  1. Unannounced movements require no protective planning
  2. Protective planning applies regardless of whether the movement is publicized Correct answer.
  3. Only public events require advance work
  4. The residence is automatically secure because it is private

Explanation

Protective planning is based on risk, not publicity; unannounced stops still require route, venue, and contingency preparation. Privacy does not guarantee security, and limiting advance work to public events leaves predictable gaps.

Question 23Protection Officer Fundamentals

What is the protective purpose of maintaining a low personal profile as a protection officer?

  1. To avoid paying for event tickets
  2. To reduce the need for communication equipment
  3. To blend with the environment and avoid signaling protective posture Correct answer.
  4. To hide the principal's identity from the team

Explanation

A low profile helps officers avoid telegraphing the protective posture or the principal's identity, which supports surprise and reduces targeting opportunities. It does not replace communications or conceal information from the team.

Question 24Protection Officer Fundamentals

During a motorcade, an officer in a follow vehicle observes an unidentified vehicle closing rapidly from behind. What is the most appropriate action?

  1. Report the vehicle and prepare to block or divert while informing the lead Correct answer.
  2. Stop the motorcade immediately in traffic
  3. Accelerate away without communicating
  4. Ignore it unless the vehicle makes contact

Explanation

The follow vehicle reports the developing threat so the motorcade can adjust formation, divert, or block as needed. Silent acceleration, stopping in traffic, or waiting for contact removes the team's ability to respond proactively.

Question 25Protection Officer Fundamentals

Which action best supports the principle of layered defense at a protected venue?

  1. Removing secondary barriers to speed entry
  2. Relying on a single checkpoint at the main entrance
  3. Posting all officers at the principal's side
  4. Combining access control, screening, patrols, and response capability Correct answer.

Explanation

Layered defense uses multiple independent measures so that failure of one does not expose the principal. A single checkpoint, a single cluster of officers, or removal of barriers reduces redundancy and resilience.

Question 26Protection Officer Fundamentals

In protective terminology, what distinguishes a 'close protection officer' from a static guard at a fixed post?

  1. The officer is only responsible for monitoring CCTV footage during events
  2. The officer works in proximity to the principal and moves with them through changing environments Correct answer.
  3. The officer reports exclusively to venue management rather than the detail leader
  4. The officer is limited to checking credentials at a single entrance point

Explanation

Close protection is defined by proximity and mobility: the officer stays near the principal and adapts to each environment the principal enters. Static guarding is tied to a fixed location and does not involve moving with a protected person.

Question 27Protection Officer Fundamentals

Which phrase best captures the meaning of 'duty of care' as applied to a protection officer?

  1. A voluntary courtesy extended to the principal when time and staffing allow
  2. The legal obligation to use reasonable skill and foresight to avoid foreseeable harm to the principal Correct answer.
  3. The principal's contractual right to demand any service the officer can physically perform
  4. The officer's entitlement to use whatever force they judge necessary without review

Explanation

Duty of care is a legal and professional standard requiring reasonable skill and foresight against foreseeable harm. It is not unlimited, discretionary force, and it is not optional courtesy.

Question 28Protection Officer Fundamentals

A protection officer is briefing a new team member on professional conduct. Which standard best reflects the expected relationship with the principal's household staff?

  1. Offer staff small payments for details of the principal's private life
  2. Avoid all contact with staff so that no information is exchanged
  3. Treat staff as a source of information while remaining discreet, courteous, and consistent Correct answer.
  4. Cultivate the most talkative staff member to obtain gossip about the principal

Explanation

Household staff can be valuable information sources and are part of the protective environment, so relations should be professional, discreet, and consistent. Gossip, bribery, and total isolation all undermine trust and information flow.

Question 29Protection Officer Fundamentals

Which term describes the process of confirming that a person is who they claim to be before granting access to the principal?

  1. Route reconnaissance
  2. Threat neutralization
  3. Identity verification Correct answer.
  4. Positioning

Explanation

Identity verification establishes that a person's claimed identity is genuine before access is allowed. The other terms relate to movement planning, response to threat, and physical placement.

Question 30Protection Officer Fundamentals

During planning, an officer maps the principal's likely movement through a hotel and marks where the principal will be visible from public areas. Which planning product does this most directly support?

  1. A budget forecast for the detail's travel costs
  2. A staffing roster for the hotel's front desk
  3. A vulnerability map of exposure points along the principal's route Correct answer.
  4. A media statement for release to journalists

Explanation

Identifying where the principal can be seen from public areas is exposure analysis, which feeds a vulnerability map of the route. Rosters, budgets, and media statements do not address physical exposure.

Question 31Protection Officer Fundamentals

An officer is asked to select a seating position for the principal at a restaurant. Which consideration weighs most heavily in the protective choice?

  1. Selecting the most visible table so the principal can be seen by guests
  2. Choosing the table with the best view of the kitchen for service speed
  3. Minimizing exposure to windows and entrances while preserving a rapid exit path Correct answer.
  4. Sitting the principal where staff can most easily reach the table

Explanation

Seating decisions balance reduced exposure with a viable exit, so distance from windows and entrances and a clear route out dominate. Service speed, visibility to guests, and staff convenience are not protective priorities.

Question 32Protection Officer Fundamentals

What is the protective function of a 'safe haven' identified during an advance?

  1. A meeting point for journalists covering the principal's visit
  2. A public area selected because it offers the best mobile phone signal
  3. A pre-identified location near the route where the principal can be sheltered and regrouped Correct answer.
  4. A storage room reserved for the detail's spare equipment

Explanation

A safe haven is a pre-selected, reasonably secure location close to the route where the principal can be moved and protected during a disruption. Signal quality, equipment storage, and media access are not its purpose.

Question 33Protection Officer Fundamentals

An officer notices a vehicle parked for several hours with a clear line of sight to the principal's residence entrance. Which initial action best reflects sound protective practice?

  1. Confront the occupants directly to demand an explanation
  2. Record the details discreetly and report the observation through the detail's reporting chain Correct answer.
  3. Ignore the vehicle unless it moves toward the gate
  4. Ask a neighbor to photograph the occupants without informing the detail

Explanation

Unusual observation should be documented and passed up the chain so the detail can assess it against other information. Direct confrontation may escalate risk, ignoring it delays assessment, and using untrained neighbors is unreliable.

Question 34Protection Officer Fundamentals

Which statement best explains why a protection officer should avoid establishing a predictable personal routine around the principal's residence?

  1. Regular timings make the officer ineligible for overtime pay
  2. Routine is prohibited by insurance rules covering protective details
  3. Predictability improves the principal's privacy from the media
  4. Predictable patterns give an observer information for planning an attack Correct answer.

Explanation

Observable routines reveal timing, staffing, and gaps that a hostile observer can exploit. The concern is operational security, not insurance rules, pay, or privacy from media.

Question 35Protection Officer Fundamentals

During a walk-through, an officer identifies a stairwell that is the only secondary exit from a venue. How should this finding be treated in the protective plan?

  1. As irrelevant because the main entrance is the primary route
  2. As a benefit because a single exit simplifies crowd control
  3. As a critical vulnerability requiring mitigation, such as staffing, locking, or an alternative route Correct answer.
  4. As a minor detail to be noted only if the principal asks about exits

Explanation

A sole secondary exit is a single point of failure that can trap the principal if the primary route is blocked. It demands mitigation through staffing, control, or an alternative route, not dismissal.

Question 36Protection Officer Fundamentals

What does 'protective intelligence' mean in the context of a protection assignment?

  1. The collection and analysis of information about potential threats to inform protective decisions Correct answer.
  2. The principal's personal medical history held by the detail
  3. The classified budget allocations for the protective detail
  4. The officer's knowledge of the principal's business strategy

Explanation

Protective intelligence gathers and assesses information about potential threats so planning and posture reflect actual risk. Business strategy, budgets, and medical records serve other purposes.

Question 37Protection Officer Fundamentals

An officer deployed to a foreign country on a protection task should first establish which local consideration?

  1. The local fashion norms for the officer's off-duty clothing
  2. The exchange rate for converting the detail's cash
  3. Legal constraints on protective equipment, use of force, and detention in that jurisdiction Correct answer.
  4. The availability of the principal's preferred cuisine

Explanation

Local law governs what equipment may be carried, when force is permitted, and whether any detention is lawful, so it must be established before deployment. Currency, cuisine, and off-duty clothing are secondary.

Question 38Protection Officer Fundamentals

A principal asks the officer to leave a bag unattended in a hotel lobby for a few minutes while they step outside. Which response best reflects protective reasoning?

  1. Leave the bag as asked because the principal's instructions override protective judgment
  2. Ask a stranger nearby to watch the bag for the principal
  3. Place the bag behind a plant so it is less visible to passers-by
  4. Keep the bag under continuous control or arrange a secure alternative, since unattended items create risk and suspicion Correct answer.

Explanation

Unattended items can be tampered with and may trigger security alerts, so the officer should maintain control or find a secure alternative. Deferring to the request, hiding the bag, or handing it to a stranger all increase risk.

Question 39Protection Officer Fundamentals

Two officers on a detail disagree about whether to reroute after an advance officer reports an unattended package on the planned path. What does sound protective decision-making require?

  1. The senior officer decides using the available information, and the decision is recorded and communicated Correct answer.
  2. The decision is deferred until the principal's schedule permits a meeting
  3. Each officer independently chooses a route and the principal selects one
  4. The detail waits at the location until the package is confirmed harmless

Explanation

Protective decisions require clear authority, timely action on available information, and communication of the outcome so the whole detail acts consistently. Independent routes, waiting in place, and deferral all extend exposure.

Question 40Protection Officer Fundamentals

An officer is preparing a protective plan for a principal who will attend an event with a known protest presence. Which planning assumption is most defensible?

  1. Assume police will handle every protective contingency without detail input
  2. Plan for the possibility that a protest participant may attempt to approach the principal, and rehearse the response Correct answer.
  3. Assume the principal's presence will not be publicized and skip contingency planning
  4. Assume protesters will remain peaceful and require no adjustment to the plan

Explanation

A known protest presence raises the possibility of an approach attempt, so the plan should include contingency response and rehearsal. Assuming calm, assuming secrecy, or relying entirely on police leaves the detail unprepared.

Question 41Security Operations and Procedures

In a security control room, which activity best describes the purpose of a post-incident review following a confirmed intrusion?

  1. Recalculating the site's insurance premium for the next year
  2. Assigning blame to the officer who first detected the alarm
  3. Reopening the incident file until the suspect is prosecuted
  4. Documenting the timeline and identifying control failures to prevent recurrence Correct answer.

Explanation

A post-incident review is a structured debrief that reconstructs the event timeline, tests whether detection and response procedures worked, and produces corrective actions. Its purpose is organisational learning and control improvement, not the allocation of personal blame.

Question 42Security Operations and Procedures

A guard is directed to control access at a single entrance during a special event. Which term describes this assignment?

  1. Access control point Correct answer.
  2. Fire watch
  3. Incident command
  4. Perimeter patrol

Explanation

An access control point is a designated location where entry is screened, credentials are verified, and authorised persons are admitted. It is the standard term for a fixed post controlling movement into a protected area.

Question 43Security Operations and Procedures

During a patrol, an officer notices a door that should be locked is standing open. What is the most appropriate immediate action?

  1. Ask a colleague to inspect it at the end of the shift
  2. Close the door quietly and continue the patrol without reporting
  3. Photograph the door and wait for the next shift to report it
  4. Secure the area, check for intrusion, and report the finding Correct answer.

Explanation

A found-open door is a potential breach indicator, so the officer should check the immediate area for signs of intrusion, make the opening secure if safe to do so, and report the finding promptly. Delaying or concealing the observation removes the chance to investigate a possible crime in progress.

Question 44Security Operations and Procedures

Which document authorises a named individual to enter a specific restricted area for a defined period?

  1. An access authorisation or permit Correct answer.
  2. A visitor badge template
  3. A duty roster
  4. An incident log

Explanation

An access authorisation records who may enter a particular area, for what purpose and for how long, and is the basis for issuing credentials. It links a person to a defined privilege so that entry can be verified and audited.

Question 45Security Operations and Procedures

What is the primary purpose of a key control register in a security operations programme?

  1. Recording issue and return of keys so accountability is maintained Correct answer.
  2. Documenting fire drill attendance
  3. Listing the names of all staff who work on site
  4. Tracking the maintenance schedule for locksmith tools

Explanation

A key control register logs each key or key set, who holds it, and when it is issued and returned, creating an auditable chain of accountability. This deters unauthorised duplication and supports investigation when a key cannot be accounted for.

Question 46Security Operations and Procedures

An officer is asked to search a visitor's bag at the entrance to a venue. Which principle should guide the search?

  1. It is conducted only where a lawful basis and posted condition of entry exist, and with respect for dignity Correct answer.
  2. It may be delegated to any other visitor waiting in the queue
  3. It should be performed in private without informing the visitor of the reason
  4. It may be conducted at random whenever the officer suspects the visitor personally

Explanation

Bag searches are lawful only where there is a proper basis, such as a published condition of entry or statutory power, and must be carried out consistently and respectfully. The visitor should be told what will happen and the search should not be arbitrary or humiliating.

Question 47Security Operations and Procedures

Which behaviour most clearly indicates a person may be conducting hostile reconnaissance of a site?

  1. Asking a receptionist for directions to the nearest bus stop
  2. Repeatedly observing entry points and timing patrols over several visits Correct answer.
  3. Taking a photograph of a public artwork in the entrance hall
  4. Waiting in the lobby for a scheduled appointment

Explanation

Hostile reconnaissance typically involves repeated observation of security measures, entry points, and routine patterns such as patrol timing. The combination and repetition of such interest distinguishes it from ordinary visitor behaviour.

Question 48Security Operations and Procedures

Why should a security officer record the time of every entry in an occurrence log?

  1. Times allow the officer to claim overtime accurately
  2. Times are required only for insurance purposes
  3. Times make the log longer and therefore more credible
  4. Accurate times support reconstruction of events and corroborate other evidence Correct answer.

Explanation

Contemporaneous, timed entries create a reliable chronological record that can be used to reconstruct events and corroborate witness statements or CCTV. Untimed or later-reconstructed notes carry far less evidential weight.

Question 49Security Operations and Procedures

An officer discovers a colleague asleep at a CCTV monitoring post. According to typical security operations procedure, what should happen first?

  1. Photograph the colleague and post the image in the staff room
  2. Ignore the situation to avoid conflict with the colleague
  3. Announce the incident to all staff over the radio
  4. Wake the colleague, ensure the post is covered, and report the breach through the chain of command Correct answer.

Explanation

The immediate priority is to restore effective monitoring, so the officer should rouse the colleague and ensure the position is staffed, then report the breach through proper channels. Disciplinary decisions belong to management, not to informal peer action.

Question 50Security Operations and Procedures

A site uses a two-person rule for entry to a high-value storage room. What does this control achieve?

  1. It halves the cost of access control equipment
  2. It removes the need for any access logging
  3. It prevents any single person from entering unobserved, reducing insider risk Correct answer.
  4. It allows visitors to enter without escort

Explanation

The two-person rule requires two authorised individuals to be present together, so no single person can access, remove, or tamper with assets unobserved. It is a deterrent and detection measure aimed primarily at insider threat.