Computer Hardware and Peripherals
Computer Hardware and Peripherals tests the block-level organisation of a desktop or laptop and the safe replacement of field-replaceable parts. Expect CPU, motherboard, RAM, storage, power supply, display and peripheral connections, plus BIOS/UEFI and POST behaviour.
Core rules
- Motherboard form factors (ATX, micro-ATX, Mini-ITX) determine case and PSU compatibility.
- CPU socket and chipset must match the processor; thermal paste fills microscopic gaps between CPU and heatsink.
- RAM: DDR generation and keying differ; dual-channel needs matched slots. Seat until clips click.
- Storage: SATA uses a data cable plus power; NVMe M.2 uses the PCIe bus. HDDs have moving parts; SSDs do not.
- PSU rails: +12 V, +5 V, +3.3 V; check total wattage and connectors (24-pin ATX, 8-pin EPS, PCIe).
- POST checks basic hardware; beep codes or debug LEDs identify faults. UEFI replaces legacy BIOS.
Worked example
A desktop powers on, fans spin, but there is no display and one long beep repeats. The repeated beep code points to memory. Power off, unplug, press the power button to discharge, then reseat both RAM sticks until the clips click. If the fault remains, test one stick at a time in the primary slot. A working stick in a known-good slot confirms a faulty module or slot rather than the CPU or PSU.
Traps
- Forcing a CPU into the socket; bent pins are permanent damage.
- Mixing DDR generations or ignoring dual-channel slot pairing.
- Diagnosing a no-POST fault as a dead motherboard before checking RAM seating and PSU connectors.
- Applying too much thermal paste; a pea-sized amount is enough.