Skin Care
What the exam tests
This domain tests basic skin structure and function, skin type identification, a safe daily care routine, product selection and recognition of when to refer a client instead of treating.
Core rules and concepts
- Skin layers: epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis forms the protective barrier; the dermis contains collagen, elastin and blood vessels.
- Skin functions include protection, sensation, temperature regulation and vitamin D synthesis.
- Skin types: normal, dry, oily, combination and sensitive. Dehydrated skin is a condition, not a fifth type, and can occur with any type.
- A basic routine is cleanse, moisturize and protect with broad-spectrum sunscreen. Toner is optional; harsh scrubs are not daily care.
- Skin pH is mildly acidic, about 4.5 to 5.5. Alkaline soaps can disrupt the barrier and leave skin tight.
Worked example
A client has an oily T-zone, dry cheeks and no active infection. Reasoned classification: combination skin. Recommend a gentle cleanser, light oil-free moisturizer and sunscreen, with a mild exfoliant once or twice a week. Do not recommend a strong scrub daily, because the dry cheeks are already barrier-stressed and scrubbing can worsen irritation.
Traps that cost marks
Do not scrub active acne or broken skin. Do not say sunscreen is only for summer. Do not diagnose eczema, fungal infection or pigmentation disease. Do not recommend the same heavy cream for every client.