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BSEH SS Psychology study materials
BSEH SS Psychology study resources

BSEH SS Psychology practice questions

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Question 1What is Psychology?

Which goal of psychology is most directly served when a researcher measures how reaction time changes as sleep deprivation increases?

  1. Description
  2. Prediction Correct answer.
  3. Explanation
  4. Control

Explanation

Prediction uses established relationships to forecast future behaviour or performance. Knowing that reaction time slows with sleep loss lets a psychologist anticipate how a sleep-deprived person will perform. Description merely records what is observed, explanation accounts for why it happens, and control deliberately changes conditions.

Question 2What is Psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt is conventionally credited with founding the first psychology laboratory in which city?

  1. Geneva
  2. Leipzig Correct answer.
  3. Cambridge
  4. Vienna

Explanation

Wundt established his laboratory at Leipzig in 1879, an event widely treated as the birth of psychology as an independent experimental science. Vienna is associated with Freud's psychoanalysis, Cambridge with early British experimental work, and Geneva with Piaget's developmental research.

Question 3What is Psychology?

A therapist asks a client to report whatever comes to mind without censoring it. Which method is being used?

  1. Free association Correct answer.
  2. Behavioural observation
  3. Systematic desensitisation
  4. Random sampling

Explanation

Free association is a psychoanalytic technique in which the client verbalises uncensored thoughts so that unconscious material may surface. Systematic desensitisation is a behavioural anxiety treatment, behavioural observation records overt actions, and random sampling is a research selection procedure.

Question 4What is Psychology?

Which statement best captures the behaviourist position on the proper subject matter of psychology?

  1. Psychology should study the brain's electrical activity as its primary subject.
  2. Psychology should study mental states through introspection alone.
  3. Psychology should study observable behaviour and its environmental determinants. Correct answer.
  4. Psychology should study unconscious conflicts and early childhood memories.

Explanation

Behaviourism, associated with Watson and Skinner, restricted psychology to observable behaviour and the stimuli and consequences that shape it. Introspection and unconscious conflict belong to structuralist and psychoanalytic traditions respectively, while direct neural measurement is a biological approach.

Question 5What is Psychology?

A psychologist studies how memory for word lists differs when material is learned in a noisy versus a quiet room. Which perspective does this most clearly reflect?

  1. Humanistic
  2. Cognitive Correct answer.
  3. Evolutionary
  4. Psychodynamic

Explanation

The cognitive perspective examines internal processes such as memory, attention, and information processing. Manipulating environmental noise to test memory performance is a classic cognitive experiment. Humanistic, psychodynamic, and evolutionary approaches focus on self-actualisation, unconscious conflict, and adaptive function respectively.

Question 6What is Psychology?

A researcher compares the average exam scores of two independent groups after a teaching intervention. Which branch of psychology does this design belong to?

  1. Clinical psychology
  2. Experimental psychology Correct answer.
  3. Industrial psychology
  4. Applied psychology

Explanation

Experimental psychology conducts controlled studies to establish general principles of behaviour and cognition, including learning and memory. Applied, clinical, and industrial psychology direct knowledge toward practical problems, treatment, and workplace settings rather than basic experimental questions.

Question 7What is Psychology?

According to the standard scientific method in psychology, what immediately follows the formulation of a testable hypothesis?

  1. Formulating a theory from the results
  2. Drawing conclusions about the population
  3. Publishing the results
  4. Designing and conducting a study to test it Correct answer.

Explanation

After a hypothesis is stated, the researcher designs and conducts a study that can confirm or disconfirm it. Publishing, theory building, and drawing conclusions all follow data collection and analysis, so they cannot come directly after hypothesis formation.

Question 8What is Psychology?

A study reports that participants who ate breakfast also scored higher on a concentration test. Which conclusion is warranted?

  1. The result proves breakfast is unnecessary for concentration.
  2. Concentration causes people to eat breakfast.
  3. Breakfast and concentration scores are associated in this sample. Correct answer.
  4. Eating breakfast causes improved concentration.

Explanation

A correlation between two measured variables permits only an association claim, not a causal one. Without random assignment and control of confounds such as sleep or motivation, causal direction cannot be established. The data also say nothing about whether breakfast is necessary.

Question 9What is Psychology?

In an experiment on the effect of music on test performance, the music condition is best described as which variable?

  1. Control variable
  2. Independent variable Correct answer.
  3. Dependent variable
  4. Confounding variable

Explanation

The independent variable is the factor the experimenter manipulates, here the presence or absence of music. The dependent variable is the measured outcome, such as test score. Confounding variables are uncontrolled influences, and control variables are held constant.

Question 10What is Psychology?

Which feature distinguishes a structured interview from an unstructured clinical interview?

  1. It relies entirely on projective techniques.
  2. It is conducted only in group settings.
  3. It avoids recording any responses.
  4. It uses a fixed set of questions asked in a standardised order. Correct answer.

Explanation

A structured interview presents predetermined questions in a fixed order so that responses are comparable across interviewees and inter-rater reliability improves. Projective techniques, refusal to record, and group-only administration are not defining features of structured interviews.

Question 11What is Psychology?

A test yields nearly the same score when the same person retakes it two weeks later. This indicates high:

  1. Validity
  2. Content validity
  3. Test-retest reliability Correct answer.
  4. Standardisation

Explanation

Test-retest reliability concerns the consistency of scores across repeated administrations of the same measure. Validity concerns whether a test measures what it claims, content validity concerns coverage of the intended domain, and standardisation concerns uniform administration and norms.

Question 12What is Psychology?

A psychologist studies how children's problem-solving changes between ages four and ten by testing different children at each age. This design is:

  1. Case study
  2. Cross-sectional Correct answer.
  3. Correlational
  4. Longitudinal

Explanation

A cross-sectional design compares different participants of different ages at a single point in time. A longitudinal design follows the same participants over years, a case study examines one individual in depth, and a correlational design measures association without age grouping.

Question 13What is Psychology?

Which pairing of psychological school and its central emphasis is correct?

  1. Behaviourism - the study of unconscious drives
  2. Structuralism - the adaptive function of behaviour
  3. Functionalism - breaking experience into basic elements
  4. Gestalt psychology - the whole organisation of perceptual experience Correct answer.

Explanation

Gestalt psychology emphasised that perception and thought are organised wholes rather than sums of parts. Functionalism addressed adaptive function, structuralism analysed basic elements of consciousness, and behaviourism restricted study to observable behaviour.

Question 14What is Psychology?

A researcher argues that her findings generalise to all adults because her sample was randomly selected from a national register. Which reasoning supports this claim?

  1. Random assignment supports generalisation from sample to population.
  2. Random selection supports generalisation from sample to population. Correct answer.
  3. A large sample guarantees that no bias exists.
  4. Statistical significance guarantees external validity.

Explanation

Random selection means every member of the population has an equal chance of inclusion, which is what licenses generalisation from sample to population. Random assignment serves internal validity by creating comparable groups, and neither large samples nor statistical significance automatically ensure external validity.

Question 15What is Psychology?

Which statement best distinguishes psychology from pseudoscientific claims about behaviour?

  1. Psychology relies on intuitive certainty rather than measurement.
  2. Psychology relies on anecdotal testimony as its primary evidence.
  3. Psychology relies on the authority of its most famous practitioners.
  4. Psychology relies on empirical evidence open to replication and revision. Correct answer.

Explanation

Psychology is a science because its claims are tested against systematic observation and remain open to replication and revision. Reliance on authority, anecdote, or intuition characterises pseudoscientific reasoning, which resists disconfirmation.

Question 16What is Psychology?

A school counsellor uses a standardised intelligence test to identify students needing support. Which professional role does this primarily illustrate?

  1. Psychological assessment Correct answer.
  2. Neuroanatomical mapping
  3. Experimental research
  4. Social facilitation research

Explanation

Psychological assessment involves selecting, administering, and interpreting standardised instruments to make decisions about individuals. Experimental research tests hypotheses about groups, social facilitation concerns performance in the presence of others, and neuroanatomical mapping concerns brain structure.

Question 17Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

A psychologist wants to describe how often adolescents in a city check social media each day. Which goal of psychological enquiry is being pursued when the researcher simply records frequencies and averages without testing a prediction?

  1. Control
  2. Prediction
  3. Explanation
  4. Description Correct answer.

Explanation

Description is the goal of defining and recording behaviour as it occurs, using frequencies, averages and categories. Prediction and control go further by forecasting behaviour or manipulating conditions, while explanation seeks causes. Merely recording rates and means is therefore description.

Question 18Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

In an experiment on the effect of background music on reading speed, participants are randomly assigned to a music or a no-music condition. Which feature makes this study a true experiment rather than a quasi-experiment?

  1. Reading speed is measured with a stopwatch
  2. Participants are randomly allocated to conditions Correct answer.
  3. The study is conducted in a laboratory
  4. The sample is large and representative

Explanation

A true experiment requires the researcher to manipulate an independent variable and randomly assign participants to its levels, so that groups are equated before the manipulation. Measurement method, setting and sample size do not by themselves create experimental control. Random allocation is the defining feature here.

Question 19Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

A researcher observes children at a playground and records each aggressive act as it happens, without intervening. Which method of enquiry is being used?

  1. Case study
  2. Structured interview
  3. Correlational survey
  4. Naturalistic observation Correct answer.

Explanation

Naturalistic observation records behaviour in its usual setting without the researcher manipulating conditions, which matches this procedure. Interviews and surveys rely on self-report, and a case study is an in-depth study of one unit. None of these fit direct recording of spontaneous behaviour.

Question 20Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

Which statement best captures the difference between a hypothesis and a research question?

  1. A hypothesis is always stated after data collection, whereas a research question precedes it
  2. A hypothesis is a testable, directional statement about the relation between variables, whereas a research question is an open query Correct answer.
  3. A research question must specify a statistical test, whereas a hypothesis never does
  4. A hypothesis applies only to qualitative studies, whereas a research question applies only to quantitative studies

Explanation

A hypothesis converts a research question into a precise, testable statement that predicts a relationship between variables. The research question is the broader query that guides the study. Timing and study type do not distinguish them, and hypotheses are formulated before data collection.

Question 21Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

A test yields very similar scores when the same participants are retested a month later. Which psychometric property does this demonstrate?

  1. Validity
  2. Internal consistency
  3. Norms
  4. Test-retest reliability Correct answer.

Explanation

Test-retest reliability concerns the stability of scores across repeated administrations of the same test. Validity would concern whether the test measures the intended construct. Internal consistency concerns agreement among items within one administration, and norms concern reference scores for a population.

Question 22Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

A researcher asks participants to sign a form explaining the purpose, procedures, risks and right to withdraw before a study begins. Which ethical principle is being implemented?

  1. Debriefing
  2. Deception
  3. Informed consent Correct answer.
  4. Confidentiality of data

Explanation

Informed consent requires that participants receive adequate information about the study and voluntarily agree to take part, including knowing they may withdraw. Debriefing occurs after participation, confidentiality concerns handling of data, and deception is something consent procedures aim to minimise.

Question 23Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

A researcher converts scores from a vocabulary test into percentile ranks and reports that a participant scored at the 80th percentile. Which interpretation is correct?

  1. The participant's score is 80 points above the group mean
  2. The participant's score falls 80 standard deviations above the mean
  3. The participant answered 80 per cent of the items correctly
  4. The participant scored higher than about 80 per cent of the reference group Correct answer.

Explanation

A percentile rank states the percentage of people in the reference group who fall at or below a given score. The 80th percentile therefore means the participant outperformed roughly 80 per cent of that group. Percentile ranks are not percentage-correct scores, raw point differences, or standard deviation units.

Question 24Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

A study finds a correlation of r = -0.68 between hours of sleep and reported fatigue. Which conclusion is warranted?

  1. Greater sleep is associated with lower reported fatigue Correct answer.
  2. Less sleep causes greater fatigue
  3. Fatigue causes reduced sleep
  4. The relationship is weak and negligible

Explanation

A correlation of -0.68 is a moderately strong negative association: as one variable rises, the other tends to fall. Correlational data cannot establish which variable causes the other, so causal claims are unwarranted. The magnitude is substantial, not negligible.

Question 25Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

A researcher studies how reaction time changes across three levels of caffeine intake and also records participants' sex to check whether the effect differs between groups. In this design, what is the role of sex?

  1. A moderator variable examined through an interaction Correct answer.
  2. An independent variable that is manipulated
  3. A dependent variable
  4. A confounding variable that must be eliminated

Explanation

A moderator is a variable that influences the strength or direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, typically tested as an interaction. Sex is measured, not manipulated, so it is not an independent variable. It is not the outcome, and it is included deliberately rather than being an uncontrolled confound.

Question 26Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

A researcher preparing a questionnaire includes two items: 'I enjoy social gatherings' and 'I prefer to be alone at parties'. These items are intended to measure the same construct. Which issue should be examined?

  1. Whether the items show internal consistency Correct answer.
  2. Whether the items produce a ceiling effect
  3. Whether the sample was randomly assigned
  4. Whether the questionnaire has parallel-form reliability

Explanation

Internal consistency assesses whether items intended to measure the same construct yield consistent responses. The two items are worded in opposite directions, so consistency checks must account for reverse coding. Parallel-form reliability concerns two versions of a test, ceiling effects concern score distributions, and random assignment is irrelevant to questionnaire construction.

Question 27Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

A researcher uses a structured interview to assess anxiety but finds that scores correlate highly with a well-established anxiety scale. Which aspect of validity is supported?

  1. Test-retest reliability
  2. Face validity
  3. Concurrent validity Correct answer.
  4. Content validity

Explanation

Concurrent validity is a form of criterion validity established when a new measure correlates with an existing established measure of the same construct administered at about the same time. Face validity concerns surface plausibility, content validity concerns coverage of the construct domain, and test-retest reliability concerns stability over time.

Question 28Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

In a study of stress and illness, participants who report high stress also report more illness. The researcher suspects that people high in negative affectivity report both more stress and more illness regardless of their actual health. What is this pattern an example of?

  1. Random sampling error
  2. A ceiling effect
  3. Demand characteristics
  4. A common-method or response-bias confound Correct answer.

Explanation

When both variables are measured by self-report and a stable trait inflates responses on both, the observed correlation can be inflated by shared method variance or response bias. This is a confounding influence on the relationship. Sampling error, ceiling effects and demand characteristics describe different problems.

Question 29Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

A researcher wants to compare problem-solving performance of children in two age groups while controlling for prior knowledge of the task. Which procedure best equates the groups on prior knowledge?

  1. Match participants on prior knowledge before assigning them to conditions Correct answer.
  2. Use a single-blind procedure
  3. Randomly assign children to age groups
  4. Increase the sample size in both age groups

Explanation

When a variable cannot be manipulated, matching participants on that variable across groups helps equate them and removes its influence. Age cannot be randomly assigned, so matching is the appropriate control. Larger samples reduce sampling error but not systematic differences, and blinding addresses expectancy effects.

Question 30Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

A researcher records the number of questions asked by students in a class but is unsure whether students are asking questions or making comments. Which issue most directly threatens the data?

  1. Poor operational definition of the behaviour Correct answer.
  2. Inadequate debriefing
  3. Low test-retest reliability
  4. Sampling bias

Explanation

An operational definition specifies exactly how a variable is measured, including which behaviours count. If questions cannot be distinguished from comments, the behaviour has not been defined precisely enough to record reliably. The other options concern stability, ethics and sampling rather than the clarity of the measured behaviour.

Question 31Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

A psychologist conducts an in-depth study of one patient with a rare memory disorder over two years, using interviews, tests and medical records. Which strength is most characteristic of this design?

  1. It provides rich, detailed data about a rare phenomenon Correct answer.
  2. It eliminates researcher bias through standardisation
  3. It establishes cause and effect through manipulation
  4. It guarantees generalisation to the wider population

Explanation

A case study offers intensive, multi-source data about a single individual, which is valuable when the phenomenon is rare or poorly understood. It does not manipulate variables for causal inference, does not support broad generalisation, and is especially vulnerable to researcher bias.

Question 32Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

A researcher wants to survey attitudes toward mental health services among a population that includes many people who do not use the internet. Which sampling approach would best reduce coverage error?

  1. A probability sample drawn from a household address frame with mixed-mode contact Correct answer.
  2. A convenience sample recruited at a counselling clinic
  3. A quota sample of volunteers from a university
  4. An online poll advertised on social media

Explanation

Coverage error arises when some parts of the population have no chance of being selected. A probability sample drawn from a household frame with mixed-mode contact gives internet non-users a chance of inclusion. Online polls, clinic convenience samples and university volunteer quotas systematically exclude segments of the population.

Question 33Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

A researcher tests whether a new study-skills programme improves exam scores. Scores improve, but the same term also brought a change to a more lenient grading policy. What threat to internal validity does the grading change represent?

  1. Statistical regression
  2. A testing effect
  3. Instrumentation decay
  4. A history effect Correct answer.

Explanation

A history effect occurs when an external event occurring between pre-test and post-test, rather than the treatment, produces the change. The grading policy change is exactly such an event. Testing effects concern repeated measurement, instrumentation concerns changes in measurement, and regression concerns extreme scores moving toward the mean.

Question 34Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

A researcher finds that a training programme raises test scores in the laboratory but not in real classrooms. Which type of validity is most directly called into question?

  1. External validity Correct answer.
  2. Construct validity
  3. Inter-rater reliability
  4. Internal validity

Explanation

External validity concerns whether findings generalise beyond the specific setting, sample and conditions of the study. A laboratory effect that fails to appear in classrooms lacks ecological generalisability. Internal validity concerns causal inference within the study, construct validity concerns the meaning of the measures, and inter-rater reliability concerns agreement between observers.

Question 35Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

In a factorial design with two levels of therapy type and three levels of treatment duration, what does a statistically significant interaction indicate?

  1. The effect of therapy type on the outcome depends on the level of treatment duration Correct answer.
  2. Both main effects must be non-significant
  3. The sample size was adequate for the analysis
  4. Therapy type has the same effect at every duration

Explanation

An interaction means the effect of one independent variable differs across levels of the other, so the therapy effect is conditional on duration. A significant interaction does not require non-significant main effects, and it directly contradicts the claim of a uniform effect. It says nothing about sample size adequacy.

Question 36Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

A researcher reports a p-value of 0.03 for a difference between two groups. Which interpretation is most defensible?

  1. The effect size is large because p is below 0.05
  2. The result has a 97 per cent probability of replicating in a new sample
  3. There is a 3 per cent probability that the null hypothesis is true
  4. Assuming the null hypothesis is true, data this extreme or more would occur about 3 per cent of the time Correct answer.

Explanation

A p-value is the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as those observed, computed under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true. It is not the probability that the null is true, not a replication probability, and not a measure of effect size. These are common misinterpretations that the correct option avoids.

Question 37Human Development

According to Piaget, in which stage does a child first demonstrate object permanence?

  1. Formal operational stage
  2. Concrete operational stage
  3. Sensorimotor stage Correct answer.
  4. Preoperational stage

Explanation

Object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight, emerges during the sensorimotor stage, typically in the later substages around 8 to 12 months. The preoperational stage follows this achievement rather than introducing it.

Question 38Human Development

Erikson's psychosocial theory places the crisis of identity versus role confusion in which developmental period?

  1. Early childhood
  2. Adolescence Correct answer.
  3. Infancy
  4. Middle adulthood

Explanation

Erikson located identity versus role confusion in adolescence, when individuals explore commitments about who they are and what they value. Successful resolution yields a coherent sense of self that supports later intimacy.

Question 39Human Development

A researcher shows an infant the same picture repeatedly until looking time declines, then presents a novel picture and observes renewed looking. This procedure primarily measures which ability?

  1. Conservation of number
  2. Metacognitive monitoring
  3. Reversible mental operations
  4. Habituation and dishabituation as evidence of discrimination Correct answer.

Explanation

The habituation paradigm uses declining attention to a repeated stimulus as a baseline, and recovery of attention to a new stimulus indicates the infant detected the change. It is a standard method for studying perception and memory in preverbal infants.

Question 40Human Development

Which statement best characterizes the concept of a critical period in development?

  1. A period during which learning is impossible because the nervous system is immature
  2. A phase in which development proceeds entirely independent of environmental input
  3. A stage in which children consistently perform above their typical ability level
  4. A span during which a particular experience must occur for typical development, after which the capacity declines sharply Correct answer.

Explanation

A critical period is a bounded window when specific experience is required for normal development of a function, such as early visual input for typical vision. After the window closes, the same experience produces far less or no effect.

Question 41Human Development

In attachment research, a toddler who shows distress when the caregiver leaves but simultaneously seeks and resists contact upon reunion is most consistent with which classification?

  1. Disorganized attachment
  2. Avoidant attachment
  3. Resistant (ambivalent) attachment Correct answer.
  4. Secure attachment

Explanation

Resistant attachment is marked by intense separation distress combined with ambivalent, angry, or resistant behavior when the caregiver returns. The child seeks proximity yet pushes away, reflecting inconsistent caregiving.

Question 42Human Development

Which sequence correctly orders the three stages of prenatal development from earliest to latest?

  1. Germinal, embryonic, fetal Correct answer.
  2. Germinal, fetal, embryonic
  3. Embryonic, germinal, fetal
  4. Fetal, embryonic, germinal

Explanation

Prenatal development begins with the germinal stage, roughly the first two weeks of cell division and implantation, followed by the embryonic stage of major organ formation, and finally the fetal stage of growth and maturation.

Question 43Human Development

A 4-year-old insists that a tall narrow glass holds more water than a short wide glass, even after watching the water poured between them. Which Piagetian limitation does this illustrate?

  1. Lack of conservation Correct answer.
  2. Egocentrism in communication
  3. Failure of object permanence
  4. Inability to perform hypothetical reasoning

Explanation

Conservation is the understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance, and it is typically absent in the preoperational stage. The child centers on the perceptual height of the column rather than the invariant amount.

Question 44Human Development

According to Vygotsky, a child who can solve a puzzle with adult hints but not alone is functioning within which region?

  1. Concrete operational stage
  2. Zone of proximal development Correct answer.
  3. Preconventional morality
  4. Sensorimotor stage

Explanation

The zone of proximal development describes tasks a learner cannot yet manage independently but can complete with guidance from a more capable person. It highlights the role of social support and scaffolding in advancing development.

Question 45Human Development

In Ainsworth's strange situation, which pattern is most strongly associated with a caregiver who is consistently sensitive and responsive?

  1. Resistant attachment
  2. Disorganized attachment
  3. Avoidant attachment
  4. Secure attachment Correct answer.

Explanation

Sensitive, consistent responsiveness predicts secure attachment, in which the infant uses the caregiver as a safe base for exploration and is readily comforted at reunion. The other insecure patterns are associated with less consistent or atypical caregiving.

Question 46Human Development

A child says 'I goed to the store' even though she has never heard adults say it. This error most directly supports which claim about language development?

  1. Vocabulary growth is unrelated to grammatical development
  2. Language is acquired solely through imitation of adult speech
  3. Children cannot produce novel utterances before formal schooling
  4. Children extract and overapply grammatical rules rather than only imitating Correct answer.

Explanation

Overregularization errors such as 'goed' show that children apply a learned past-tense rule to irregular forms they have not heard modeled. This indicates rule extraction and generalization rather than pure imitation.

Question 47Human Development

Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning is best described by which orientation?

  1. Applying self-chosen universal ethical principles
  2. Calculating cost-benefit outcomes for the self
  3. Living up to others' expectations and upholding social order Correct answer.
  4. Avoiding punishment and pursuing personal reward

Explanation

The conventional level includes interpersonal conformity and maintaining social systems, so moral judgments are guided by approval, duty, and the existing social order. Preconventional reasoning is self-interested, and postconventional reasoning appeals to principled standards.

Question 48Human Development

A child who understands that a dog can also be a pet, and that a specific terrier belongs to both categories, is demonstrating which cognitive achievement?

  1. Irreversibility
  2. Centration
  3. Animism
  4. Class inclusion Correct answer.

Explanation

Class inclusion is the understanding that a subordinate class is contained within a broader class and that an object can belong to multiple categories simultaneously. It typically develops in the concrete operational period.

Question 49Human Development

Which finding best illustrates a cohort effect in developmental research?

  1. Children in a cross-sectional sample differ from one another on a personality measure
  2. People born in the same year show similar attitudes that differ from those of people born decades earlier Correct answer.
  3. Older adults perform worse than younger adults on a speeded task in a single session
  4. Participants drop out of a longitudinal study at higher rates over time

Explanation

A cohort effect occurs when groups defined by birth year differ because of shared historical experiences rather than age itself. Comparing birth cohorts on attitudes can reflect generational influences rather than developmental change.

Question 50Human Development

A parent reports that her 8-month-old can sit without support, crawl, and pick up small objects with a thumb-and-index grasp. Which statement about this profile is most accurate?

  1. These skills fall broadly within typical expectations for an infant of this age Correct answer.
  2. These skills indicate a significant developmental delay for an 8-month-old
  3. These skills are impossible before 12 months and suggest a reporting error
  4. These skills suggest advanced development typical of a 2-year-old

Explanation

Independent sitting, crawling, and a pincer grasp are commonly emerging between roughly 6 and 10 months, so this profile is within normal variation. Developmental milestones are ranges rather than fixed timetables.