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Odisha CHSE +2 VOC Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur (AGD) study materials
Odisha CHSE +2 VOC Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur (AGD) study resources

Odisha CHSE +2 VOC Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur (AGD) practice questions

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Question 1Introduction to dairying and the dairy entrepreneur

In the +2 Vocational Dairy Farmer course, 'dairying' refers mainly to which of the following?

  1. only the retail sale of packaged milk in urban markets
  2. the cultivation of green fodder crops on the farm alone
  3. scientific management of milch animals and milk handling Correct answer.
  4. the manufacture of cattle feed concentrates in factories

Explanation

Dairying is the whole chain of scientific management of milch animals - breeding, feeding, housing and health care - together with hygienic handling, processing and marketing of milk. Selling milk or growing fodder covers only one link of that chain, not the discipline itself.

Question 2Introduction to dairying and the dairy entrepreneur

Which of the following cattle breeds is an indigenous Indian milch breed known for heat tolerance and tick resistance?

  1. Holstein Friesian
  2. Brown Swiss
  3. Gir Correct answer.
  4. Jersey

Explanation

Gir is a zebu (Bos indicus) milch breed originating in the Gir hills of Gujarat, valued for its heat tolerance, tick resistance and relatively high fat milk. Jersey, Holstein Friesian and Brown Swiss are exotic Bos taurus breeds introduced from Europe and America.

Question 3Introduction to dairying and the dairy entrepreneur

The thick, yellowish first milk secreted by a cow immediately after calving, which is rich in antibodies, is known as which of the following?

  1. colostrum Correct answer.
  2. residual milk
  3. mastitis milk
  4. strip milk

Explanation

The first secretion after calving is colostrum, rich in immunoglobulins, vitamin A, minerals and laxative factors that protect the newborn calf. A calf should receive it within about the first hour of birth, because antibody absorption from the gut falls rapidly afterwards.

Question 4Introduction to dairying and the dairy entrepreneur

Roughly what proportion of normal cow milk is water?

  1. 85 to 88 per cent Correct answer.
  2. 75 to 78 per cent
  3. 62 to 66 per cent
  4. 50 to 55 per cent

Explanation

Cow milk contains about 85 to 88 per cent water, which acts as the carrier for the solids. The remaining 12 to 15 per cent consists of fat, protein, lactose and minerals, and the exact figures vary with breed, stage of lactation and feed.

Question 5Introduction to dairying and the dairy entrepreneur

Which of the following is a major advantage of artificial insemination over natural service in a dairy herd?

  1. a female calf is guaranteed at every conception
  2. the need to detect heat in cows is completely removed
  3. record keeping on the farm becomes unnecessary
  4. proven bulls are used without rearing them on the farm Correct answer.

Explanation

Artificial insemination lets a farmer use frozen semen from a proven, high genetic merit bull without the cost, risk and space needed to keep that bull on the farm. It also limits the spread of venereal disease and allows one superior bull to serve many herds.

Question 6Introduction to dairying and the dairy entrepreneur

A young entrepreneur plans a dairy unit of ten crossbred cows. Which step should logically come first?

  1. a local market survey and feasibility study Correct answer.
  2. building a pucca shed with an automatic milking machine
  3. applying for a bank loan before any planning
  4. purchasing ten crossbred cows from the nearby cattle market

Explanation

A feasibility study and market survey come first because they reveal local demand for milk, the ruling price, feed and fodder availability, labour, land and the likely investment and returns. Only after these figures are known can the shed design, herd size and loan amount be decided sensibly.

Question 7Introduction to dairying and the dairy entrepreneur

OMFED, the apex dairy cooperative federation of Odisha, mainly performs which of the following functions?

  1. regulate fish farming and pond leasing in the state
  2. procure and sell milk through village societies Correct answer.
  3. manufacture veterinary medicines for poultry and cattle
  4. export live cattle and frozen semen to other states

Explanation

OMFED is the Odisha State Cooperative Milk Producers' Federation, which organises village-level dairy cooperative societies, procures milk from member farmers, chills and processes it, and markets milk and milk products under its own brand. It also supplies inputs such as feed, breeding and veterinary support to members.

Question 8Introduction to dairying and the dairy entrepreneur

In a normal lactation cycle of a dairy cow, the dry period kept before the next calving is usually about which of the following?

  1. 10 to 15 days
  2. 20 to 25 days
  3. 55 to 60 days Correct answer.
  4. 35 to 40 days

Explanation

A dry period of roughly 55 to 60 days is standard practice, because the udder needs rest to shrink back and regenerate the secretory tissue that will produce the next lactation. A very short dry period lowers the next lactation yield, while an unnecessarily long one wastes feeding cost without income.

Question 9Introduction to dairying and the dairy entrepreneur

A ten-cow dairy unit produces 80 litres of milk a day. Daily feed cost is ₹900 and labour plus other costs are ₹200, and milk sells at ₹20 per litre. What is the approximate cost of production per litre?

  1. ₹20.00
  2. ₹16.00
  3. ₹13.75 Correct answer.
  4. ₹11.25

Explanation

Total daily cost is ₹900 plus ₹200, that is ₹1,100, and daily production is 80 litres. Dividing ₹1,100 by 80 litres gives about ₹13.75 per litre, which can be compared with the sale price of ₹20 to judge the margin per litre.

Question 10Introduction to dairying and the dairy entrepreneur

A herd's bulk milk shows a high somatic cell count. Which practice most directly keeps this count low?

  1. storing the milk in an open container for two hours before sale
  2. feeding extra concentrate and mineral mixture before milking
  3. washing and drying the udder and teat dipping after milking Correct answer.
  4. milking the cow only once in two days to reduce handling

Explanation

A high somatic cell count points to udder infection and irritation, so the control lies in hygienic milking routine: clean, dry teats, single-use teat cups or cloths, full hand stripping and a post-milking teat dip that protects the open teat canal. Regular checking with a strip cup also detects mastitis early.

Question 11Introduction to dairying and the dairy entrepreneur

In the dairy value chain, which of the following is a primary production activity carried out on the farm itself?

  1. Retailing branded milk pouches to urban consumers
  2. Milking cows and recording yields on the farm Correct answer.
  3. Transporting chilled milk in insulated tankers
  4. Pasteurising and packing milk at a processing plant

Explanation

Dairying begins with primary production: breeding, feeding, milking and on-farm record keeping. Processing, tanker transport and retailing are later links in the chain, carried out after the milk leaves the farm gate.

Question 12Introduction to dairying and the dairy entrepreneur

Which of the following is a well-known Indian milch buffalo breed valued for its high-fat milk?

  1. Hallikar
  2. Kankrej
  3. Murrah Correct answer.
  4. Sahiwal

Explanation

Murrah, originating in Haryana and Punjab, is a leading buffalo breed prized for high fat content and good milk yield. Sahiwal, Kankrej and Hallikar are all cattle breeds rather than buffalo breeds.

Question 13Introduction to dairying and the dairy entrepreneur

Which constituent of cow milk is the principal carbohydrate and gives the milk its mildly sweet taste?

  1. Calcium
  2. Casein
  3. Butterfat
  4. Lactose Correct answer.

Explanation

Lactose, the milk sugar, makes up roughly 4.7 per cent of cow milk and is the largest single part of the solids-not-fat fraction. Casein is a protein, butterfat belongs to the fat fraction and calcium is only a minor mineral.

Question 14Introduction to dairying and the dairy entrepreneur

In a normal cyclic dairy cow, heat (estrus) recurs at intervals of approximately how many days?

  1. 35 to 45 days
  2. 7 to 12 days
  3. 18 to 24 days Correct answer.
  4. 3 to 6 days

Explanation

A cyclic cow normally comes into heat about every 21 days, and the accepted normal range is 18 to 24 days. Much shorter or longer intervals point to ovarian problems, missed heats or errors in heat detection.

Question 15Introduction to dairying and the dairy entrepreneur

In India's three-tier dairy cooperative structure, which body collects milk directly from member producers at the village level?

  1. Village Dairy Cooperative Society Correct answer.
  2. National Dairy Development Board
  3. District Milk Producers' Cooperative Union
  4. State Dairy Cooperative Federation

Explanation

The cooperative structure begins with the Village Dairy Cooperative Society, which collects milk from member producers, tests it and pays them. The district union processes and markets the milk, while the state federation coordinates the unions.

Question 16Introduction to dairying and the dairy entrepreneur

An entrepreneur needs financial support to build a shed and buy milch animals for a new small dairy unit. Which scheme is designed to give a capital subsidy for exactly this purpose?

  1. Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme (DEDS) Correct answer.
  2. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
  3. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi
  4. Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana

Explanation

The Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme provides back-ended capital subsidy for setting up small dairy units, purchasing milch animals and installing processing equipment. The other schemes deal with income support, rural wage employment and health cover respectively.

Question 17Introduction to dairying and the dairy entrepreneur

A dairy unit sells milk at ₹32 per litre. Feed and other variable costs are ₹22 per litre, and fixed costs are ₹3,000 per day. What daily volume must be sold to break even?

  1. 94 litres
  2. 300 litres Correct answer.
  3. 3,000 litres
  4. 500 litres

Explanation

Contribution per litre is ₹32 minus ₹22, which is ₹10, and the daily fixed cost of ₹3,000 is exactly covered at 300 litres. Selling less than that leaves the unit making a loss for the day.

Question 18Introduction to dairying and the dairy entrepreneur

Milk from the evening milking must be held on the farm before it reaches the chilling centre. Which holding temperature best slows bacterial multiplication in the raw milk?

  1. About 30 °C
  2. About 15 °C
  3. About 4 °C Correct answer.
  4. About 37 °C

Explanation

Rapid cooling to about 4 °C greatly slows the multiplication of most bacteria in raw milk and protects its keeping quality. Holding milk at 15 °C or warmer allows bacteria to multiply quickly and spoils the milk.

Question 19Introduction to dairying and the dairy entrepreneur

A dairy entrepreneur wants to identify cows that return to heat repeatedly after service so they can be examined or culled. Which farm record shows this most directly?

  1. The monthly feed consumption sheet
  2. The daily milk yield register of every cow
  3. The farm cash book and ledger
  4. Breeding register with service and heat dates Correct answer.

Explanation

The breeding register links each service date to the next observed heat date, so a repeat breeder becomes obvious at a glance. Yield, feed and cash records show production and costs but do not reveal an animal's reproductive history.

Question 20Introduction to dairying and the dairy entrepreneur

During the flush season a small dairy's milk price falls sharply because of oversupply. Which action best protects the enterprise's income?

  1. Convert surplus milk into paneer and ghee for later sale Correct answer.
  2. Sell every litre immediately as raw milk before it spoils
  3. Stop milking the herd until market prices recover
  4. Add more cows to increase the volume sold at low prices

Explanation

Converting surplus milk into paneer and ghee removes the immediate glut, extends shelf life and earns a better margin when prices recover. Selling everything raw at a depressed price accepts the lowest return, and expanding the herd in a glut worsens the loss.

Question 21Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

Which of the following indigenous cattle breeds is classified as a milch breed?

  1. Hallikar
  2. Kangayam
  3. Khillar
  4. Gir Correct answer.

Explanation

Gir is a well-known indigenous milch breed originating from the Gir hills of Gujarat and is selected mainly for milk production. Khillar, Hallikar and Kangayam are classified as draught breeds used for work.

Question 22Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

Which buffalo breed is the most important dairy breed in India and is famous for high milk yield with high fat content?

  1. Nagpuri
  2. Murrah Correct answer.
  3. Jaffarabadi
  4. Bhadawari

Explanation

Murrah, originating from Haryana and Punjab, is the premier milch buffalo breed of India and is widely used for upgrading local buffaloes. Its milk is known for high fat content and good yield.

Question 23Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

Which exotic dairy cattle breed is small in size, light brown in colour, and noted for milk with a high fat percentage?

  1. Jersey Correct answer.
  2. Holstein Friesian
  3. Brown Swiss
  4. Ayrshire

Explanation

Jersey cattle are small, light brown or fawn in colour, and produce milk with high butterfat content. Holstein Friesian is large and black-and-white, Brown Swiss is larger and grey-brown, and Ayrshire is red-and-white.

Question 24Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

Which cattle breed is native to Odisha and is recognised as a dual-purpose breed kept for milk and draught work?

  1. Ongole
  2. Deoni
  3. Binjharpuri Correct answer.
  4. Sahiwal

Explanation

Binjharpuri is an indigenous cattle breed of Odisha, mainly found in Jajpur district, and is used for both milk production and draught work. Sahiwal, Ongole and Deoni originate from other states.

Question 25Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

While judging a dairy cow, which set of features is considered desirable for good dairy character?

  1. Compact body with a thick, level rump
  2. Angular body with prominent withers and visible ribs Correct answer.
  3. Heavy muscling over the shoulders and thighs
  4. Short, thick neck with a deep, fat-covered brisket

Explanation

Dairy character reflects the cow's ability to produce milk and is shown by an angular body, prominent withers, visible ribs and a clean throat. Heavy muscling, thick fat cover and a compact body are signs of a beef type rather than a dairy type.

Question 26Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

In cattle, the first pair of permanent incisor teeth usually erupts at approximately what age?

  1. 5 to 6 years
  2. 1.5 to 2 years Correct answer.
  3. 3.5 to 4 years
  4. 6 months

Explanation

The central pair of permanent incisors in cattle generally erupts at about 1.5 to 2 years of age. The later pairs follow in sequence, and all permanent incisors are usually present by about 5 years.

Question 27Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

Which buffalo breed is characterised by long, sword-shaped horns that curve downwards and backwards, and is native to Gujarat?

  1. Jaffarabadi Correct answer.
  2. Nagpuri
  3. Surti
  4. Mehsana

Explanation

Jaffarabadi buffaloes from Saurashtra in Gujarat are heavy animals with long, sword-shaped horns that curve downward and backward. Surti and Mehsana have different horn shapes, and Nagpuri is from central India.

Question 28Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

Which record is the most direct and reliable basis for selecting a cow on her own milk-producing ability?

  1. Pedigree of the sire
  2. Colour of the coat
  3. Completed lactation milk yield Correct answer.
  4. Body weight at first calving

Explanation

A completed lactation record directly measures the milk actually produced by the cow and is therefore the most reliable own-performance basis for selection. Coat colour and body weight are not direct measures of milk ability, and pedigree gives only an expected value.

Question 29Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

Which method is considered the most accurate for evaluating the genetic merit of a dairy bull for milk yield?

  1. Show-ring placing
  2. Pedigree analysis alone
  3. Progeny testing Correct answer.
  4. Individual body conformation score

Explanation

Progeny testing evaluates a bull by comparing the milk records of many of his daughters with those of herdmates under similar conditions. It directly estimates the bull's transmitting ability and is more accurate than pedigree, conformation or show-ring placing.

Question 30Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

To compare the milk yield of cows that calved in different seasons and parities, which measure should be used?

  1. Raw total yield of the current lactation
  2. Peak daily milk yield
  3. Milk yield on the day of judging
  4. 305-day mature-equivalent yield Correct answer.

Explanation

305-day mature-equivalent yield adjusts lactation length, age or parity and season effects, so cows can be compared fairly. Raw total yield, peak yield and a single-day record are influenced by these factors and do not give a valid comparison.

Question 31Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

Which of the following Indian cattle breeds is classified as a draught breed rather than a milch or dual-purpose breed?

  1. Hallikar Correct answer.
  2. Red Sindhi
  3. Gir
  4. Sahiwal

Explanation

Hallikar is a Mysore-type draught breed valued for work, so it is classified as a draught breed. Sahiwal, Gir, and Red Sindhi are well-known milch breeds. Breed type is decided mainly by the principal utility for which the breed is selected.

Question 32Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

While judging a dairy cow, which udder characteristic is considered desirable?

  1. A weak median suspensory ligament
  2. Quarters that are uneven in size
  3. Funnel-shaped teats with a wide base
  4. An udder floor well above the hocks Correct answer.

Explanation

A desirable dairy udder has a strong suspensory ligament, a level floor carried well above the hocks, evenly sized quarters, and cylindrical teats. These features support machine milking and reduce injury. A weak ligament, funnel teats, and uneven quarters are faults.

Question 33Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

Which exotic dairy cattle breed is black and white and is widely kept for high milk volume?

  1. Jersey, a small light-brown breed known for high-fat milk
  2. Holstein Friesian, a black-and-white breed Correct answer.
  3. Ayrshire, a red-and-white breed
  4. Brown Swiss, a large grey-brown breed

Explanation

Holstein Friesian cattle are large, black-and-white animals and are the highest-volume dairy breed. Their milk is comparatively lower in fat than that of Jersey cattle. Brown Swiss and Ayrshire have different coat colours and are not the black-and-white breed described.

Question 34Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

Which term describes the difference between the average performance of a bull's daughters and the average performance of their contemporary herdmates?

  1. Selection differential of the herd
  2. Repeatability of the record
  3. Contemporary comparison Correct answer.
  4. Heritability of the trait

Explanation

Contemporary comparison is used in progeny testing to estimate a bull's transmitting ability by comparing his daughters with herdmates raised and managed under similar conditions. Selection differential, heritability, and repeatability describe different genetic or statistical concepts. It helps separate the bull's genetic contribution from herd and season effects.

Question 35Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

Which of the following best describes the use of a selection index in dairy cattle breeding?

  1. Combining several traits into one weighted score Correct answer.
  2. Using only the dam's milk record
  3. Selecting the tallest heifer in the herd
  4. Selecting the bull with the best show-ring record

Explanation

A selection index combines information on several traits into a single weighted score so that animals can be ranked on overall economic merit. The weights reflect the economic value and heritability of each trait. Using only one record or show-ring success ignores other important traits.

Question 36Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

Which buffalo breed is native to the Charotar tract of Gujarat and is known for sickle-shaped horns and high-fat milk?

  1. Surti Correct answer.
  2. Murrah
  3. Bhadawari
  4. Nagpuri

Explanation

Surti is a medium-sized buffalo breed from the Charotar tract of Gujarat, recognised by its sickle-shaped horns and high-fat milk. Murrah is associated with Haryana and Punjab and has coiled horns. Bhadawari and Nagpuri are other buffalo breeds with different horn types and native tracts.

Question 37Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

In dairy cattle judging, which of the following best indicates good capacity?

  1. A short, thick neck with heavy muscling
  2. A small, tight udder with short teats
  3. Deep, well-sprung ribs and a large barrel Correct answer.
  4. Heavy muscling over the shoulders and rump

Explanation

Capacity refers to body depth, spring of rib, and barrel size, which together show room for feed intake and vital organs. A dairy cow should be deep-bodied without being coarse. Neck, muscling, and udder are assessed under other judging headings.

Question 38Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

What does repeatability measure in dairy cattle selection?

  1. The correlation between repeated records of the same cow Correct answer.
  2. The difference between selected parents and the herd average
  3. The ability of a bull to transmit milk yield to daughters
  4. The proportion of total variation due to genetic differences

Explanation

Repeatability is the correlation between repeated measurements of the same trait in the same animal, such as successive lactation yields of a cow. A high repeatability means that earlier records are useful for predicting later performance. It is not the same as heritability or selection differential.

Question 39Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

A dairy bull's daughters average 5,200 kg of milk, while daughters of other bulls in the same herd and season average 4,500 kg. What is the bull's predicted transmitting ability (PTA) for milk yield, assuming the comparison is properly adjusted?

  1. 1,400 kg
  2. 700 kg Correct answer.
  3. 5,200 kg
  4. 350 kg

Explanation

The predicted transmitting ability equals the daughter average minus the contemporary average, so 5,200 minus 4,500 gives 700 kg. PTA is half the estimated breeding value, which would be about 1,400 kg. The daughter average alone is not the bull's transmitting ability.

Question 40Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

A heritability estimate of 0.30 for milk yield in a dairy herd means which of the following?

  1. Thirty percent of an individual cow's milk yield is directly inherited
  2. The trait is not heritable because the estimate is below fifty percent
  3. Thirty percent of the differences among cows in milk yield are due to genetic differences Correct answer.
  4. Selection for milk yield will have no effect in this herd because the heritability estimate is low

Explanation

Heritability is the proportion of phenotypic variation in a trait that is due to genetic variation. A value of 0.30 means that about 30% of the differences among cows in milk yield are genetic, while the rest are environmental. It does not mean that 30% of an individual's yield is inherited, and it does not make selection ineffective.

Question 41Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

In dairy cattle evaluation, body condition score (BCS) is estimated mainly by examining and palpating which region of the animal?

  1. The muzzle, jaw and cheek
  2. The hooves and the accessory digits
  3. The loin, hip bones and tail-head area Correct answer.
  4. The poll and the base of the horns

Explanation

Body condition scoring estimates the fat and muscle reserves carried by the cow, and these reserves are deposited and mobilised most visibly over the lumbar region, the hip bones (tuber coxae and tuber ischii) and around the tail head. A score is assigned on a 1–5 scale by feeling the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and the prominence of the pins, hooks and tail head. Scoring animals at calving and again at peak lactation helps to detect over-conditioned dry cows and excessive early lactation weight loss.

Question 42Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

While judging the rump of a dairy cow, which description is considered most desirable?

  1. Long and narrow, with the pins markedly higher than the hips
  2. Roof-like, with the thurls clearly higher than the hip bones
  3. Long, wide and nearly level, with the pins slightly lower than the hips Correct answer.
  4. Short, narrow and steep, dropping sharply from hips to pins

Explanation

A good dairy rump is long, wide and almost level, providing ample space for the udder attachment, for calving and for the attachment of the muscles of the hindquarters. The pins being slightly lower than the hips gives a gentle slope that favours calving and is preferred over either a steep drop or a raised, 'roofy' rump. Width between the thurls and between the pins is also noted because a narrow rump is associated with difficult calving and poor udder capacity.

Question 43Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

Which buffalo breed was developed in Gujarat from Murrah × Surti crosses and is now the main dairy buffalo of that state?

  1. Nagpuri
  2. Pandharpuri
  3. Mehsana Correct answer.
  4. Bhadawari

Explanation

Mehsana buffaloes originated in the Mehsana district of Gujarat from crossing Murrah bulls with Surti and local buffaloes, and the population is often described as a graded Murrah type. They are medium to large, black in colour with some white markings, and are valued for good milk yield under village conditions. Because of their adaptability, they have become the predominant dairy buffalo of Gujarat.

Question 44Cattle and buffalo breeds, selection and judging

In many dairy herds, intensive selection for higher milk yield is accompanied by a slow decline in fertility. This relationship between milk yield and fertility is best described as which of the following?

  1. A favourable positive genetic correlation
  2. A high repeatability of milk yield
  3. A strong heterotic advantage affecting both traits equally
  4. An unfavourable (antagonistic) genetic correlation Correct answer.

Explanation

When two traits tend to be inherited together in opposite directions, the genetic correlation between them is negative, and such a correlation is called unfavourable or antagonistic because improving one trait genotypically tends to worsen the other. Milk yield and fertility traits show this pattern, so single-trait selection on yield alone erodes reproductive performance over generations. Breeders therefore use multi-trait selection indices that give weight to fertility alongside yield.

Question 45Housing, farm layout and routine farm management

In a loose housing system for dairy cattle, what covered floor area per adult cow is generally recommended?

  1. 1.0 m²
  2. 2.0 m²
  3. 8.0 m²
  4. 4.0 m² Correct answer.

Explanation

Loose housing gives each adult cow about 3.5–4 m² of covered area, with an additional open yard of 8–10 m². This space allows lying, rising and walking without injury, and keeps the udder and floor cleaner. Much smaller areas increase competition, injuries and mastitis risk.

Question 46Housing, farm layout and routine farm management

In Odisha's hot and humid climate, how should the long axis of an open dairy shed preferably run?

  1. Northeast–southwest, with a solid wall facing the south
  2. East–west, with open sides facing north and south Correct answer.
  3. Along the boundary, with the ridge running in any direction
  4. North–south, with solid walls on the east and west sides

Explanation

An east–west long axis keeps the long sides of the shed away from direct overhead sun for most of the day. Open north and south sides then permit cross-ventilation, which is important in Odisha's humid heat. Solid east and west walls would block morning and evening air movement.

Question 47Housing, farm layout and routine farm management

What fall is normally given to the floor of a dairy shed so that urine and wash water drain into the gutter?

  1. 1 in 10
  2. 1 in 20
  3. 1 in 200
  4. 1 in 50 Correct answer.

Explanation

A dairy shed floor is given a gentle slope of about 1 in 40 to 1 in 60 towards the urine gutter. This lets wash water and urine flow away without making the floor slippery. Steeper slopes cause cows to stand awkwardly and increase injury risk.

Question 48Housing, farm layout and routine farm management

While planning a dairy farm layout, where should the manure pit be located?

  1. At the highest point of the farm for quick drying
  2. Between the calf pen and the milk room
  3. On the windward side beside the milking parlour
  4. Downwind, away from feed and water sources Correct answer.

Explanation

The manure pit is a source of flies, odour and runoff, so it belongs downwind of the cattle shed and away from feed stores, milk rooms and water sources. This reduces contamination and odour in milk. Placing it upwind or uphill can carry contamination toward the animals.

Question 49Housing, farm layout and routine farm management

Which sequence correctly describes a hygienic hand-milking routine?

  1. Wash udder → dry teats → strip foremilk → milk → dip teats Correct answer.
  2. Wash udder → strip foremilk → milk the cow → dry teats → dip teats
  3. Dry teats → wash udder → strip foremilk → milk → dip teats
  4. Strip foremilk → wash udder → dry teats → milk → dip teats

Explanation

Clean milking starts with washing the udder and drying it with a clean cloth, then stripping foremilk into a strip cup to check for mastitis. Milking follows, and teat dipping closes the sphincter and protects against infection. The sequence must keep dirt and water away from the teat canal.

Question 50Housing, farm layout and routine farm management

A healthy newborn dairy calf should receive its first colostrum at what time?

  1. After the dam has been milked out, usually 6–8 hours later
  2. Within 30–60 minutes of birth Correct answer.
  3. After the first routine feeding of the herd, about 12 hours later
  4. After the calf has been moved to the calf shed, about 24 hours later

Explanation

A newborn calf can absorb colostrum antibodies only during the first few hours of life, so the first feed should be given within 30–60 minutes of birth. Delaying it reduces passive immunity and increases scours and pneumonia. The calf should receive about 10% of body weight in colostrum.