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Kerala SSLC Sanskrit Academic study materials
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Kerala SSLC Sanskrit Academic practice questions

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Question 1Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

Which feature correctly identifies a gadya passage in Sanskrit literature?

  1. It is always sung to a fixed rāga.
  2. It is free from fixed metre. Correct answer.
  3. It is written exclusively in Prakrit.
  4. It consists only of character dialogue.

Explanation

Gadya denotes prose, and its defining feature is freedom from the fixed metrical scheme that governs padya. A gadya passage may contain dialogue or narrative, but none of those features is definitional, and Sanskrit prose is normally composed in Sanskrit rather than exclusively in Prakrit.

Question 2Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

Which of these works is traditionally classified as a Sanskrit gadya-kāvya?

  1. Harṣacarita Correct answer.
  2. Raghuvaṃśa
  3. Kirātārjunīya
  4. Śiśupālavadha

Explanation

Harṣacarita by Bāṇa is a prose biography in the ākhyāyikā form and is counted among Sanskrit gadya-kāvyas. The other three works are mahākāvyas composed in verse, so they belong to padya rather than gadya.

Question 3Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In the gadya sentence 'गुरुः प्रतिदिनं शिष्येभ्यः सत्यस्य महत्त्वं बोधयति स्म', the form शिष्येभ्यः is grammatically:

  1. vocative plural, 'O disciples'
  2. instrumental plural, 'by the disciples'
  3. dative plural, 'to/for the disciples' Correct answer.
  4. ablative plural, 'from the disciples'

Explanation

शिष्येभ्यः is the dative plural of शिष्य, marked by the ending -एभ्यः. The verb बोधयति can take the person taught in the dative, so the form means 'to or for the disciples' in this sentence.

Question 4Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In the gadya sentence 'गुरुः प्रतिदिनं शिष्येभ्यः सत्यस्य महत्त्वं बोधयति स्म', the construction बोधयति स्म expresses:

  1. an unreal condition
  2. a polite command
  3. a past habitual action Correct answer.
  4. a present habitual action

Explanation

In Sanskrit, a present-tense verb combined with स्म commonly denotes past time, especially habitual past, so बोधयति स्म means 'used to teach'. The adverb प्रतिदिनम् supports the habitual sense, but the time reference is past rather than present.

Question 5Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In the gadya phrase सत्यस्य महत्त्वम्, the relation of सत्यस्य to महत्त्वम् is that of:

  1. locative, 'in truth'
  2. ablative, 'from truth'
  3. dative, 'for truth'
  4. genitive, 'of truth' Correct answer.

Explanation

सत्यस्य is genitive singular, and it qualifies महत्त्वम् as the source or possessor of the importance. The genitive ending -स्य marks this relation, not purpose, separation, or location.

Question 6Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

Read this gadya passage: 'प्राचीनकाले एकः विद्वान् गुरुः आसीत्। सः प्रतिदिनं शिष्येभ्यः सत्यस्य महत्त्वं बोधयति स्म। एकदा एकः शिष्यः पप्रच्छ - गुरो, सत्यं किम्? इति।' According to the passage, what did the disciple ask?

  1. Who is a true teacher?
  2. What is truth? Correct answer.
  3. How should one study?
  4. Why do people speak?

Explanation

The disciple's question is introduced by पप्रच्छ and quoted directly as 'गुरो, सत्यं किम्?' which means 'Teacher, what is truth?' The other questions are not found in the passage.

Question 7Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In the gadya passage, the guru says: 'यत् मनसा विचिन्त्य वाचा उच्यते, तत् कर्मणा अपि पालनीयम्।' This statement teaches that:

  1. speech is more important than action
  2. only the words uttered by a teacher are binding
  3. truth should be kept hidden from disciples
  4. thought and spoken truth must be practised Correct answer.

Explanation

The relative clause refers to what is thought and then spoken; the correlative तत् is to be protected or followed by action. Thus the sentence binds thought, speech, and practice together rather than exalting speech over action.

Question 8Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In Sanskrit poetics, a prose narrative that centres on a celebrated, often historical hero such as a king is classified as:

  1. nāṭaka
  2. gīti
  3. kathā
  4. ākhyāyikā Correct answer.

Explanation

Ākhyāyikā is the prose narrative type whose hero is a real or celebrated figure, often a king; Harṣacarita is the standard example. Kathā, by contrast, is typically a prose narrative with an invented hero, while nāṭaka is drama and gīti is a metrical style.

Question 9Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

Which pair correctly matches a Sanskrit prose author with his work?

  1. Bāṇa - Kādambarī Correct answer.
  2. Viṣṇuśarman - Rājataragiṇī
  3. Kālidāsa - Harṣacarita
  4. Daṇḍin - Kādambarī

Explanation

Bāṇa is the author of the prose romance Kādambarī and also of the ākhyāyikā Harṣacarita. Kālidāsa did not write Harṣacarita, Daṇḍin is known for Daśakumāracarita, and Rājataragiṇī is by Kalhaṇa.

Question 10Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

When the gadya sentence गुरुः अवदत् is joined by external sandhi, the correct form is:

  1. गुरुःअवदत्
  2. गुरूवदत्
  3. गुरुरवदत् Correct answer.
  4. गुरुहवदत्

Explanation

A visarga followed by a vowel changes to r, so गुरुः + अवदत् becomes गुरुरवदत्. The other forms either keep the visarga before a vowel or replace it with a wrong sound.

Question 11Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In Sanskrit literary terminology, a passage labelled gadya is composed in...

  1. unmetred prose Correct answer.
  2. solely dramatic Prakrit
  3. fixed metrical stanzas
  4. Vedic accent notation

Explanation

Gadya denotes prose, that is, language not bound to a fixed metre. Padya, by contrast, is verse regulated by metre. A gadya passage may contain long compounds and sentences, but it is not organised as a metrical stanza.

Question 12Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

Which Sanskrit prose work uses a frame story in which a learned teacher instructs three princes through animal fables?

  1. Daśakumāracarita
  2. Kādambarī
  3. Harṣacarita
  4. Pañcatantra Correct answer.

Explanation

The Pañcatantra is a framed nīti text in which Viṣṇuśarman teaches three princes through animal stories. Its narrative is mainly prose, though verses are interspersed. The other works are courtly prose narratives or romances rather than a frame of animal fables.

Question 13Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In the gadya sentence 'राजा सभायाम् उपविश्य मन्त्रिणः आह्वयत्', the form उपविश्य functions as...

  1. a causative verb
  2. an absolutive (gerund) Correct answer.
  3. an infinitive of purpose
  4. a past passive participle

Explanation

The indeclinable उपविश्य is an absolutive, formed with -ya, and means 'having sat down' or 'after sitting'. It expresses an action that precedes the main verb आह्वयत्. It is not a participle, an infinitive, or a causative form.

Question 14Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

When the gadya words तत् and च are joined in external sandhi, the correct form is...

  1. तच् च
  2. तद्च
  3. तत्च
  4. तच्च Correct answer.

Explanation

Before the voiceless palatal च, the final -त् of तत् assimilates to च, giving तच्च. The joined form is written as a single word. The other forms either keep an impossible separator or use the wrong assimilation.

Question 15Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In the gadya sentence 'गुरुणा शिष्याय कथा कथिता', the form गुरुणा marks...

  1. the location of the action
  2. the possessor in a genitive phrase
  3. the indirect object of a causative
  4. the agent of a passive construction Correct answer.

Explanation

The past passive participle कथिता agrees with कथा, and गुरुणा is the instrumental agent: 'the story was told by the teacher'. Instrumental case here expresses the doer in a passive sentence. It is not an indirect object, a possessor, or a location.

Question 16Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In a gadya passage, the words इति गुरुः अवदत् use इति to...

  1. close a direct quotation Correct answer.
  2. form a compound with गुरुः
  3. mark a causal clause
  4. express a conditional clause

Explanation

इति commonly follows quoted words and marks the end of direct speech, like quotation marks. Here it frames the utterance before अवदत्, 'the teacher said'. It does not express condition or cause, and it does not form a compound with गुरुः.

Question 17Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In the gadya phrase सत्यवादी राजा, the compound सत्यवादी describes the king as...

  1. a king who rules by truth alone
  2. a king whose speech is truthful Correct answer.
  3. a king who has been told the truth
  4. a king who is the subject of a truth narrative

Explanation

सत्यवादी is a possessive compound meaning 'one whose speech is truth' or 'truth-speaking'. It qualifies राजा, so the phrase means 'a truth-speaking king'. It does not mean ruled by truth, told the truth, or narrated.

Question 18Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In the gadya sentence 'पुरा कश्चित् विद्वान् आसीत्', the form आसीत् is...

  1. a future form meaning 'he will be'
  2. an imperfect meaning 'he was' Correct answer.
  3. an imperative meaning 'let him be'
  4. a present-tense form meaning 'he is'

Explanation

आसीत् is the third-person singular imperfect of the root अस्, 'to be', so it means 'he/she/it was'. The present would be अस्ति, and the future would be भविष्यति. The imperfect is common in narrative prose openings.

Question 19Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In the gadya sentence 'तस्यां सभायां विचार्यमाणायाम्, राजा तूष्णीम् आसीत्', the locative phrase विचार्यमाणायाम् conveys...

  1. after the assembly had finished its deliberation
  2. although the assembly was still deliberating
  3. while the assembly was being deliberated Correct answer.
  4. because the assembly desired to deliberate

Explanation

The phrase is a locative absolute: a participle and its noun stand in the locative case and describe the circumstance of the main clause. विचार्यमाणायाम् is a present passive participle meaning 'while [the assembly] was being deliberated upon'. It does not by itself mean 'after', 'because', or 'although'.

Question 20Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In the gadya statement 'मया सत्यं पालितव्यम्', the construction पालितव्यम् expresses...

  1. a polite request in the imperative
  2. an obligation or necessity Correct answer.
  3. a completed past action
  4. a habitual present action

Explanation

The gerundive पालितव्यम्, formed with -तव्य, expresses what ought to be done or must be done. With मया in the instrumental, the sense is 'truth must be protected by me'. It is not a past tense, an imperative request, or a habitual present.

Question 21Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

Which Sanskrit prose genre is best described as an invented, often didactic narrative that may use stories within stories rather than a courtly biography?

  1. नाटिका (nāṭikā)
  2. कथा (kathā) Correct answer.
  3. चम्पू (campū)
  4. आख्यायिका (ākhyāyikā)

Explanation

कथा is the Sanskrit prose genre for invented, often didactic tales, frequently arranged with nested stories. आख्यायिका tends to centre on a celebrated or courtly figure, while campū mixes prose and verse, and nāṭikā is a dramatic form.

Question 22Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In the gadya sentence 'मुनिः आश्रमे तपः करोति', the word आश्रमे is in which kāraka?

  1. सम्प्रदान (recipient)
  2. कर्म (object)
  3. करण (instrument)
  4. अधिकरण (locative) Correct answer.

Explanation

आश्रमे is the locative singular of आश्रम and names the place where the action of doing tapas occurs. Therefore it belongs to the adhikaraṇa kāraka, which expresses location.

Question 23Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

Read this gadya passage: 'एकदा कश्चित् बालः मार्गे स्वर्णमुद्रां प्राप्य तां राज्ञे अददात्। राजा तस्य सत्यनिष्ठां प्रशस्य तं पुरस्कृतवान्।' Which virtue does the king praise in the boy?

  1. वाक्पटुता (eloquence)
  2. सत्यनिष्ठा (truthfulness) Correct answer.
  3. शौर्यम् (bravery)
  4. दानशीलता (generosity)

Explanation

The passage states directly that the king praised the boy's सत्यनिष्ठा after the boy handed over the gold coin he had found. The explicit word सत्यनिष्ठा identifies truthfulness or honesty as the praised quality.

Question 24Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

When the gadya words राजा and उवाच are joined by external sandhi, the correct form is:

  1. राजोवाच Correct answer.
  2. राजउवाच
  3. राजौवाच
  4. राजावाच

Explanation

The final -आ of राजा combines with the initial उ- of उवाच to become -ओ, giving राजोवाच. This is the regular guṇa sandhi of a + u.

Question 25Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In the gadya sentence 'शिष्यः गुरुं प्रति गच्छति', the word प्रति with the accusative गुरुम् expresses:

  1. direction toward Correct answer.
  2. place in which
  3. accompaniment with
  4. agent by whom

Explanation

The indeclinable प्रति used with the accusative expresses direction toward a person or thing. Here it shows that the disciple goes toward the teacher.

Question 26Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In the gadya phrase 'नीलोत्पलम्', the compound is correctly classified as:

  1. बहुव्रीहि (possessive/exocentric)
  2. द्वन्द्व (copulative)
  3. कर्मधारय (descriptive) Correct answer.
  4. तत्पुरुष (determinative)

Explanation

In नीलोत्पलम् the adjective नील qualifies the noun उत्पल without changing the referent, so the compound denotes a blue lotus itself. This adjective-plus-noun relation is karmadhāraya.

Question 27Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In the gadya sentence 'यदि वर्षति, तर्हि सस्यानि फलन्ति', the words यदि and तर्हि together mark:

  1. a conditional correlation Correct answer.
  2. a comparison
  3. a direct quotation
  4. a prohibition

Explanation

यदि introduces the condition 'if it rains', and तर्हि introduces the corresponding result 'then the crops flourish'. Together they form a conditional correlation.

Question 28Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In the gadya sentence 'अपि सत्यं वदेत्, न तु मिथ्या', the optative form वदेत् conveys:

  1. a direct command using the imperative mood
  2. advice or what ought to be done Correct answer.
  3. a future certainty
  4. a completed past action

Explanation

The optative form वदेत् expresses what should or ought to be done, here the advice to speak truth rather than falsehood. It is not a past tense or a future certainty.

Question 29Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

A Sanskrit gadya work that alternates prose passages with verse, especially in a romance narrative, is called:

  1. नाटक (nāṭaka)
  2. कथा (kathā)
  3. चम्पू (campū) Correct answer.
  4. आख्यायिका (ākhyāyikā)

Explanation

Campū is the mixed Sanskrit genre in which prose and verse alternate within the same narrative. Kathā and ākhyāyikā are prose narrative types, while nāṭaka is drama.

Question 30Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In the gadya sentence 'गुरुः शिष्यान् पाठयति', the form पाठयति is causative and means:

  1. the guru reads
  2. the guru causes the students to read / teaches them Correct answer.
  3. the guru will read
  4. the guru is read by the students

Explanation

पाठयति is a causative form from the root पठ्, so it means 'causes to read' or 'teaches'. The guru is the causer, and the students in the accusative are the ones made to read.

Question 31Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In the gadya sentence 'कृषकः हलेन क्षेत्रं कर्षति', the inflected word हलेन expresses which kāraka relation?

  1. अधिकरण (locus)
  2. करण (means/instrument) Correct answer.
  3. संप्रदान (recipient)
  4. अपादान (source)

Explanation

हलेन is the instrumental singular of हल. In this active sentence it names the implement by means of which the farmer ploughs, so it is करण kāraka; no source, location, or recipient is expressed.

Question 32Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In a gadya description, 'मुखं चन्द्र इव शोभते' - the indeclinable इव is used to mark...

  1. निषेध (prohibition)
  2. विधि (injunction)
  3. हेतु (cause)
  4. उपमा (comparison) Correct answer.

Explanation

इव is the standard particle for उपमा: it places चन्द्र beside मुखम् as a simile. It does not give a cause, issue a command, or forbid an action.

Question 33Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In the gadya sentence 'बालिका पुष्पाणि आनयति', the form पुष्पाणि functions as...

  1. करण, neuter singular
  2. संबन्ध, neuter plural
  3. कर्म, neuter plural Correct answer.
  4. कर्तृ, feminine singular

Explanation

पुष्पाणि is neuter plural in the accusative, identical in form with the nominative plural, and it is the direct object of आनयति. The subject is बालिका, so पुष्पाणि is not कर्तृ and has no instrumental or genitive sense here.

Question 34Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In 'पठन् बालः गुरुं पृच्छति', the form पठन् is best analysed as...

  1. पृच्छति; 'having asked'
  2. बालः; 'while reading' Correct answer.
  3. an absolutive: 'after reading'
  4. गुरुम्; 'being read'

Explanation

पठन् is a शतृ present participle, active in sense, so it agrees with the subject बालः in case, number, and gender and means 'while reading'. It is not an absolutive, and it cannot agree with the object गुरुम् or with the finite verb.

Question 35Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In the gadya sentence 'सत्यं हि महत्', the particle हि most naturally...

  1. marks a direct quotation
  2. turns the clause into a prohibition
  3. introduces a comparison
  4. emphasizes: 'indeed/for' Correct answer.

Explanation

हि is a nipāta that strengthens or gives a reason for the statement, roughly 'indeed' or 'for'. It is not a negative particle, a quotative marker, or a comparison marker; those functions belong to न, इति, and इव.

Question 36Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In 'यथा राजा तथा प्रजा', the pair यथा...तथा expresses...

  1. a condition 'if...then'
  2. a prohibition 'do not...'
  3. a concession 'although...'
  4. a correlation 'as...so' Correct answer.

Explanation

यथा...तथा is a correlative pair meaning 'as...so' or 'in the same way as'. It does not carry the conditional force of यदि...तर्हि, nor does it express prohibition or concession.

Question 37Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In gadya prose, the compound राजपुत्रः is best analysed as...

  1. a dvandva: 'king and son'
  2. a karmadhāraya: 'a king who is a son'
  3. a ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa: 'son of a king' Correct answer.
  4. a bahuvrīhi: 'one whose son is a king'

Explanation

राजपुत्रः resolves as राज्ञः पुत्रः, so the first member stands in a genitive relation to the second; this is a षaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa. It is not a pair, a possessive bahuvrīhi, or an appositional karmadhāraya.

Question 38Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In Sanskrit prose criticism, an आख्यायिका is best described as...

  1. an ornate prose narrative genre Correct answer.
  2. a collection of independent verse maxims
  3. a prose-verse mixed work called campū
  4. a one-act play in prose dialogue

Explanation

आख्यायिका is a Sanskrit prose narrative genre, often ornate and discussed alongside kathā. It is not a verse maxim collection, a campū mixing prose and verse, or a one-act play.

Question 39Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In a gadya passage, 'तेन ग्रामे स्थीयते' is a भावे प्रयोग. Its natural English rendering is...

  1. 'He is made to stay'
  2. 'He stays in the village' Correct answer.
  3. 'Having stayed'
  4. 'He should stay'

Explanation

भावे प्रयोग presents the action impersonally: the verb is passive third-person singular, and the agent, if expressed, stands in the instrumental. तेन ग्रामे स्थीयते therefore means 'he stays / one stays in the village', not a causative, gerundive, or absolutive.

Question 40Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In the gadya phrase 'सत्येनैव लोकः धार्यते', the form सत्येनैव results from the sandhi of...

  1. सत्येन + एव, with अ + ए → ऐ Correct answer.
  2. सत्येन + इव, with guṇa
  3. सत्य + एनैव, with a prefix
  4. सत्येन + वै, with a semivowel substitution

Explanation

सत्येन ends in -अ, and एव begins with ए. The sandhi अ + ए becomes ऐ, giving सत्येनैव. It is not a semivowel substitution, a prefix addition, or a guṇa change.

Question 41Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In a gadya passage, a character's words are followed by इति, as in गच्छामि इति राजा अवदत्. Here इति chiefly marks...

  1. it turns the quoted words into a question
  2. it closes the words quoted from a speaker Correct answer.
  3. it compares the speaker with an example
  4. it gives the reason for the speaker's action

Explanation

इति is a quotative particle. It closes the words quoted and often precedes a verb of speaking such as अवदत्. It does not by itself create a question, simile, or causal clause.

Question 42Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

A gadya narrative opens कश्चित् वणिक् आसीत्. The word कश्चित् tells the reader that the merchant is...

  1. a certain person, not yet named Correct answer.
  2. already famous throughout the country
  3. the second of two merchants
  4. the king in disguise

Explanation

कश्चित् is an indefinite pronoun meaning some or a certain. Story openings use it to introduce a character without identifying him. A definite or famous person would be marked by a demonstrative or a name.

Question 43Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In gadya prose, the form श्रुत्वा in श्रुत्वा राजा प्रत्युवाच is a ल्यबन्त form. It expresses...

  1. a habit repeated every day
  2. a command addressed to the listener
  3. an action completed before the main action Correct answer.
  4. an action done after the main action

Explanation

The absolutive (ल्यबन्त) denotes an action finished before the main verb. Here the king first heard and then replied. It is not a command, a later action, or a repeated habit.

Question 44Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In a gadya sentence राज्ञा आज्ञा दीयते, the verb दीयते and the instrumental राज्ञा show that the sentence is in...

  1. कर्तरि प्रयोग, where the doer is nominative
  2. भावे प्रयोग, where no object is expressed
  3. कर्मणि प्रयोग, with the object as subject Correct answer.
  4. a nominal sentence with no verb needed

Explanation

In कर्मणि प्रयोग the object आज्ञा becomes nominative and the agent takes the instrumental राज्ञा. The passive verb agrees with that nominative object. Active voice would be राजा आज्ञां ददाति.

Question 45Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In a gadya passage, बालः पुस्तकं पठति। तत् तस्य प्रियम् - the pronoun तत् refers to...

  1. the book, पुस्तकम् Correct answer.
  2. the act of reading
  3. the boy, बालः
  4. the adjective प्रियम्

Explanation

तत् is neuter nominative singular and agrees with पुस्तकम्, which is neuter. A reference to बालः would require masculine सः. Thus the sentence says the book is dear to him.

Question 46Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In a gadya description, the word सज्जनः is formed by external sandhi from...

  1. सदा + जनः
  2. सति + जनः
  3. सः + जनः
  4. सत् + जनः Correct answer.

Explanation

सज्जनः comes from सत् (good, being) plus जनः (person). The final त् of सत् assimilates to the following ज्, giving सज्जनः. The other pairs do not yield this form.

Question 47Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In a gadya passage, a new episode begins with अथ. In classical prose this particle most often signals...

  1. a direct question
  2. a prohibition
  3. a simile
  4. a move to the next event Correct answer.

Explanation

अथ is a transitional particle meaning now or then. At the start of a section it moves the narrative to the next episode. It does not negate, question, or compare.

Question 48Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In a gadya sentence यदा राजा आगमिष्यति, तदा उत्सवः भविष्यति, the forms आगमिष्यति and भविष्यति are in...

  1. लोट्, imperative
  2. लट्, present tense
  3. लृट्, future tense Correct answer.
  4. लङ्, past tense

Explanation

The suffix -ष्य- marks लृट्, the future tense. Both verbs refer to what will happen when the king comes. Present forms would be आगच्छति and भवति.

Question 49Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

A gadya passage narrates a past incident but repeatedly uses present-tense verbs such as गच्छति and वदति. This device is best explained as...

  1. to prove that the events still continue today
  2. to make past events vivid and immediate Correct answer.
  3. to avoid using any past-tense verb forms
  4. to turn the whole narrative into a command

Explanation

The historical present uses present forms for past events to make the scene vivid. It does not mean the events are still continuing or that the passage is a command. It is a stylistic choice in prose narration.

Question 50Gadyam (prose passages from prescribed textbook)

In a gadya description, राजा धर्मात्मा was a righteous king. The compound धर्मात्मा is best analysed as...

  1. a द्वन्द्व meaning dharma and the self
  2. a तत्पुरुष meaning the self of dharma
  3. an अव्ययीभाव meaning near dharma
  4. a बहुव्रीहि meaning whose self is dharma Correct answer.

Explanation

A बहुव्रीहि compound denotes a person or thing characterised by its members. धर्मात्मा means he whose ātman is dharma, hence righteous. A simple तत्पुरुष would only name the self of dharma.