I85PREP
⌘ K
Maharashtra HSC General Knowledge study materials
Maharashtra HSC General Knowledge study resources

Maharashtra HSC General Knowledge practice questions

One question at a time. Build your Maharashtra HSC General Knowledge understanding.

First 50 of 200 questions. Each one lists the choices, the correct answer, and an explanation. The checker at the top of this page saves progress in this browser when it is available.

Continue in the practice tool above to load more questions, 50 at a time.

Question 1Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

Which Indian institution publishes the Economic Survey of India before the Union Budget each year?

  1. NITI Aayog
  2. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
  3. Reserve Bank of India
  4. Ministry of Finance, Department of Economic Affairs Correct answer.

Explanation

The Economic Survey is prepared under the guidance of the Chief Economic Adviser in the Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, and is tabled in Parliament ahead of the Union Budget. It reviews the past year's economic performance and gives an outlook for the coming year.

Question 2Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

The Chandrayaan-3 mission, which achieved a soft landing near the Moon's south pole in 2023, was launched by which organisation?

  1. Defence Research and Development Organisation
  2. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
  3. Indian Space Research Organisation Correct answer.
  4. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

Explanation

Chandrayaan-3 was designed and launched by ISRO, making India the first country to soft-land near the lunar south pole. The lander was named Vikram and the rover Pragyan.

Question 3Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

Which country hosted the 2023 G20 Leaders' Summit where the African Union was admitted as a permanent member?

  1. South Africa
  2. Brazil
  3. India Correct answer.
  4. Indonesia

Explanation

India hosted the 2023 G20 Leaders' Summit in New Delhi, where the African Union was welcomed as a permanent member alongside the European Union. India held the G20 presidency for 2023.

Question 4Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

In Indian governance, the term 'Aadhaar' refers to which of the following?

  1. A crop insurance scheme
  2. A state-level land records portal
  3. A digital payment wallet run by the RBI
  4. A 12-digit unique identity number issued by UIDAI Correct answer.

Explanation

Aadhaar is a 12-digit unique identity number issued by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) after collecting biometric and demographic data. It is used for identity verification and direct benefit transfer.

Question 5Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

Which Indian city is the headquarters of the Reserve Bank of India?

  1. New Delhi
  2. Chennai
  3. Mumbai Correct answer.
  4. Kolkata

Explanation

The Reserve Bank of India's central office is located in Mumbai, where its Governor and central departments operate. It was initially established in Kolkata in 1935 before the central office moved to Mumbai in 1937.

Question 6Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

The 'Bharat Ratna' is India's highest civilian award. In which year was it instituted?

  1. 1947
  2. 1950
  3. 1962
  4. 1954 Correct answer.

Explanation

The Bharat Ratna was instituted in 1954, along with the Padma awards, to recognise exceptional service or performance of the highest order. It is not restricted to Indian citizens.

Question 7Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

Which of the following is the currency of Japan, a major trading partner of India?

  1. Ringgit
  2. Yen Correct answer.
  3. Yuan
  4. Won

Explanation

Japan's currency is the yen, issued by the Bank of Japan. India and Japan are significant trade and investment partners under frameworks such as the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement.

Question 8Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

Which organisation conducts the Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections in India?

  1. Election Commission of India Correct answer.
  2. Supreme Court of India
  3. NITI Aayog
  4. Ministry of Home Affairs

Explanation

The Election Commission of India, a constitutional body under Article 324, conducts elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of President and Vice-President. It is headed by the Chief Election Commissioner.

Question 9Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

The 'UPI' payment system, widely used in India, was developed by which body?

  1. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
  2. Securities and Exchange Board of India
  3. Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India
  4. National Payments Corporation of India Correct answer.

Explanation

The Unified Payments Interface was developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), an umbrella organisation for retail payments. UPI enables instant inter-bank transfers through mobile apps.

Question 10Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

Which of the following Indian states was the first to be created on a linguistic basis after independence?

  1. Andhra Pradesh Correct answer.
  2. Gujarat
  3. Maharashtra
  4. Kerala

Explanation

Andhra Pradesh was formed in 1953 from the Telugu-speaking areas of the Madras Presidency, following the death of Potti Sriramulu. This set a precedent for the States Reorganisation Act of 1956.

Question 11Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

The term 'Fiscal Deficit' in the Union Budget refers to which of the following?

  1. The gap between exports and imports
  2. Total revenue minus total expenditure
  3. Total expenditure minus total receipts excluding borrowings Correct answer.
  4. The difference between tax and non-tax revenue

Explanation

Fiscal deficit is the excess of total expenditure over total receipts excluding borrowings. It indicates the government's borrowing requirement for the year and is a key indicator of fiscal health.

Question 12Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

Which of the following is the correct expansion of 'NITI' in NITI Aayog?

  1. National Institute for Trade and Industry
  2. National Institution for Transforming India Correct answer.
  3. National Initiative for Technology and Innovation
  4. National Integration for Infrastructure

Explanation

NITI Aayog stands for National Institution for Transforming India, established in 2015 to replace the Planning Commission. It serves as a policy think tank for the Union government.

Question 13Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

The 'Green Hydrogen Mission' approved by the Union Cabinet in 2023 aims primarily to do which of the following?

  1. Expand nuclear power generation capacity
  2. Produce hydrogen using renewable energy for industrial and export use Correct answer.
  3. Provide subsidised LPG to rural households
  4. Replace all coal-based power plants by 2030

Explanation

The National Green Hydrogen Mission aims to make India a global hub for producing, using, and exporting green hydrogen, which is made using renewable electricity. It targets reducing fossil fuel dependence and carbon emissions in hard-to-abate sectors.

Question 14Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

Which of the following best describes India's 'Act East Policy'?

  1. Expanding defence ties with countries in West Asia
  2. Promoting industrial investment in eastern Indian states only
  3. Strengthening economic and strategic ties with Southeast and East Asian countries Correct answer.
  4. Increasing trade with African nations

Explanation

The Act East Policy, an upgrade of the Look East Policy, focuses on deepening economic, strategic, and cultural engagement with Southeast Asia and East Asia. It includes connectivity projects and trade agreements with ASEAN and other partners.

Question 15Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

The 'Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana' primarily aims to achieve which objective?

  1. Providing free school education
  2. Building rural roads
  3. Financial inclusion through basic savings accounts Correct answer.
  4. Rural electrification through solar grids

Explanation

PM Jan Dhan Yojana, launched in 2014, aims to bring unbanked households into the formal financial system by opening basic savings accounts with RuPay cards and access to overdraft. It is a financial inclusion scheme.

Question 16Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

Which of the following Indian institutions is responsible for regulating the securities market?

  1. IRDAI
  2. SEBI Correct answer.
  3. PFRDA
  4. RBI

Explanation

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) regulates the securities market, protecting investors and promoting orderly development of the market. It was given statutory powers by the SEBI Act, 1992.

Question 17Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

The 'Kavaratti' island, part of the Union Territory of Lakshadweep, lies in which body of water?

  1. Andaman Sea
  2. Arabian Sea Correct answer.
  3. Indian Ocean south of Sri Lanka
  4. Bay of Bengal

Explanation

Lakshadweep, including Kavaratti, is a group of coral atolls in the Arabian Sea off the southwestern coast of India. Kavaratti serves as the capital of the Union Territory.

Question 18Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

Which of the following countries is a member of the BRICS grouping as of 2024?

  1. Bangladesh
  2. Egypt Correct answer.
  3. Sri Lanka
  4. Pakistan

Explanation

Egypt was among the countries invited to join BRICS, with its membership taking effect from January 2024. BRICS originally comprised Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.

Question 19Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

The 'Ayushman Bharat' scheme in India is primarily associated with which sector?

  1. Agricultural price support
  2. Rural housing
  3. Health insurance and primary healthcare Correct answer.
  4. Skill development

Explanation

Ayushman Bharat has two components: Health and Wellness Centres for primary care and the PM-JAY health insurance scheme for secondary and tertiary hospitalisation. It targets universal health coverage.

Question 20Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

Which of the following statements about India's Goods and Services Tax (GST) is correct?

  1. GST replaced income tax
  2. GST is levied only on manufactured goods
  3. GST is a destination-based tax on consumption of goods and services Correct answer.
  4. GST is collected solely by the Union government

Explanation

GST, introduced in 2017, is a destination-based indirect tax on the supply of goods and services, with revenue accruing to the state where consumption occurs. It is governed by the GST Council and replaced multiple indirect taxes.

Question 21Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

The 'INS Vikrant', commissioned in 2022, is which type of vessel?

  1. A guided-missile destroyer
  2. An indigenously built aircraft carrier Correct answer.
  3. A survey vessel
  4. A nuclear-powered submarine

Explanation

INS Vikrant is India's first indigenously designed and built aircraft carrier, commissioned into the Indian Navy in September 2022. It was constructed at Cochin Shipyard.

Question 22Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

Which of the following is the primary purpose of the 'Rashtriya e-Marketplace' or GeM portal in public procurement?

  1. To register voters for elections
  2. To provide agricultural loans to farmers
  3. To issue passports to citizens
  4. To enable government buyers to procure goods and services online Correct answer.

Explanation

Government e-Marketplace (GeM) is an online platform for public procurement, allowing government departments to buy goods and services transparently and efficiently. It reduces paperwork and improves price discovery.

Question 23Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

The term 'Repo Rate' announced by the RBI refers to which of the following?

  1. The rate at which banks lend to their best customers
  2. The interest paid on fixed deposits
  3. The rate at which the RBI borrows from commercial banks
  4. The rate at which the RBI lends short-term funds to commercial banks against government securities Correct answer.

Explanation

The repo rate is the policy rate at which the RBI lends short-term funds to banks against collateral such as government securities. Changes in the repo rate influence liquidity and borrowing costs in the economy.

Question 24Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

Which of the following best explains why India's demographic dividend is time-bound?

  1. The total population of India is declining rapidly
  2. The birth rate has already fallen to zero
  3. The working-age share of the population rises only during a specific window before ageing sets in Correct answer.
  4. Life expectancy is falling sharply

Explanation

A demographic dividend occurs when the working-age population grows faster than the dependent population, boosting output if jobs and skills exist. This window is temporary because fertility decline eventually leads to an ageing population and a rising dependency ratio.

Question 25Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

The 'Montreal Protocol' and its Kigali Amendment are significant in contemporary environmental policy because they do which of the following?

  1. Set binding limits on carbon dioxide emissions for all countries
  2. Regulate transboundary movement of hazardous waste
  3. Phase down hydrofluorocarbons under the ozone framework Correct answer.
  4. Govern deep-sea mining in international waters

Explanation

The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, in force from 2019, commits parties to phase down hydrofluorocarbons, which are potent greenhouse gases used as refrigerants. India ratified the amendment and has a phase-down schedule.

Question 26Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

Which country hosted the G20 Leaders' Summit in 2023, where India's presidency handed over the gavel to the next host?

  1. Italy
  2. Indonesia
  3. South Africa
  4. Brazil Correct answer.

Explanation

India held the G20 presidency for 2023 and hosted the New Delhi summit, after which the presidency passed to Brazil for 2024. Brazil hosted the 2024 Leaders' Summit in Rio de Janeiro. This sequence matters for tracking the troika arrangement of India, Brazil and South Africa.

Question 27Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

The African Union was admitted as a permanent member of which grouping during its summit held in India in 2023?

  1. G7
  2. BRICS
  3. G20 Correct answer.
  4. SCO

Explanation

At the New Delhi G20 Summit in September 2023, the African Union was welcomed as a permanent member, expanding the grouping's representation of the Global South. This raised G20 membership from 20 to 21 constituent members. The move was championed as part of India's presidency theme of inclusive growth.

Question 28Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

The Chandrayaan-3 mission achieved a soft landing near the lunar south pole in 2023. Which lander-rover pair did it deploy?

  1. Aditya lander and Bhaskara rover
  2. Gaganyaan lander and Vyom rover
  3. Vikram lander and Pragyan rover Correct answer.
  4. Mangal lander and Bhoomi rover

Explanation

Chandrayaan-3 carried the Vikram lander, which touched down on 23 August 2023, and released the Pragyan rover. The site near the lunar south pole was previously unexplored by any soft-landing mission. The names continue the series used in Chandrayaan-2.

Question 29Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

Which international organisation released the report that became the basis for the first global stocktake of climate action assessed at COP28 in Dubai?

  1. World Trade Organization
  2. International Maritime Organization
  3. International Atomic Energy Agency
  4. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Correct answer.

Explanation

The IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report, particularly its Synthesis Report, provided the scientific foundation for the first global stocktake concluded at COP28. The stocktake assesses collective progress towards the Paris Agreement goals. The IPCC is the body mandated to synthesise climate science for governments.

Question 30Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

The 'India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor' announced in 2023 is best described as which of the following?

  1. A joint satellite navigation constellation
  2. A free trade agreement signed with the European Union
  3. A multilateral naval exercise in the Arabian Sea
  4. A planned rail and shipping connectivity network linking India with the Gulf and Europe Correct answer.

Explanation

The IMEC was announced at the 2023 G20 Summit as a proposed multimodal corridor combining rail and shipping links across India, the Gulf and Europe, alongside energy and data cables. It is a connectivity initiative, not a trade pact or defence arrangement. It is intended to reduce transit times and costs along the route.

Question 31Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

India's Aditya-L1 mission, launched in 2023, is designed primarily to do which of the following?

  1. Study the Sun from a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth Lagrange point L1 Correct answer.
  2. Search for exoplanets around nearby stars
  3. Map the surface of Mars using radar
  4. Detect gravitational waves from merging black holes

Explanation

Aditya-L1 was placed in a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L1 point, giving continuous views of the Sun without occultation. Its payloads study the corona, solar wind and space weather. The L1 vantage point is chosen precisely to allow uninterrupted solar observation.

Question 32Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

The 'Pradhan Mantri Vishwakarma Yojana' launched in 2023 is aimed at supporting which group?

  1. Overseas investors in infrastructure
  2. Urban salaried software professionals
  3. Traditional artisans and craftspeople Correct answer.
  4. Large industrial manufacturers

Explanation

The scheme provides collateral-free credit, skill training and toolkit support to traditional artisans and craftspeople such as carpenters, potters and weavers. It targets the informal artisan economy under the Vishwakarma categories. The focus is on upgrading tools and market access for small craft producers.

Question 33Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

The 'Women's Reservation Bill' passed in 2023 seeks to reserve what proportion of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies for women?

  1. One-fourth
  2. Two-thirds
  3. One-third Correct answer.
  4. One-half

Explanation

The 106th Constitutional Amendment reserves one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha, State Assemblies and the Delhi Assembly for women, including within seats reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The reservation is to take effect after a delimitation exercise. It also applies to the rotation of reserved seats.

Question 34Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

Which of the following best explains why the 'IndiaAI Mission' approved in 2024 is significant for the country's technology policy?

  1. It replaces the existing IT Act with a new data law
  2. It bans the use of foreign AI models in Indian industry
  3. It funds a public compute infrastructure and AI application development across sectors Correct answer.
  4. It sets up a single state-owned company to export AI hardware

Explanation

The IndiaAI Mission provides funding for graphics processing unit capacity, datasets, safety research and application development in sectors such as health and agriculture. It is a public investment framework to build AI capability rather than a prohibition. The mission complements, rather than replaces, existing digital legislation.

Question 35Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

In the 2024 Lok Sabha election results, which combination of parties formed the government at the Centre?

  1. A single party majority of the BJP alone
  2. The NDA coalition led by the BJP with allies Correct answer.
  3. A third front of regional parties
  4. A Congress-led coalition

Explanation

The 2024 results returned the BJP as the largest single party but short of a majority on its own, so the National Democratic Alliance coalition formed the government. This marked a return to coalition governance at the Centre. The BJP's allies were essential to reaching the majority mark.

Question 36Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

The 'Bharatiya Antariksh Station' announced by ISRO refers to which of the following?

  1. A lunar sample return probe
  2. A planned Indian space station module targeted for the 2030s Correct answer.
  3. A launch pad being built in Kerala
  4. A weather satellite series

Explanation

ISRO has outlined plans for an Indian space station, the Bharatiya Antariksh Station, with initial modules targeted for the 2030s as a step beyond the Gaganyaan programme. It is a long-term human spaceflight infrastructure plan. The project is distinct from launch facilities and satellite constellations.

Question 37Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

The 'Global Biofuel Alliance' launched during India's G20 presidency in 2023 primarily aims to do which of the following?

  1. Create a common currency for oil-exporting states
  2. Promote the adoption and trade of sustainable biofuels through international cooperation Correct answer.
  3. Set binding emission caps on aviation
  4. Regulate deep-sea mining rights

Explanation

The Global Biofuel Alliance is a cooperative platform to expand sustainable biofuel production, trade and standards, with India, Brazil and the United States among its founding members. It works through voluntary cooperation rather than binding caps. Its focus is on energy transition in transport fuels.

Question 38Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

Consider a scenario where a developing country wants to restructure its external debt and seeks coordinated relief from both official and private creditors. Which framework, associated with the G20 and used in recent cases, is designed for this purpose?

  1. The Common Framework for Debt Treatments Correct answer.
  2. The Kyoto Protocol flexibility mechanisms
  3. The Basel III framework
  4. The Wassenaar Arrangement

Explanation

The Common Framework for Debt Treatments, endorsed by the G20, coordinates debt restructuring across official bilateral and private creditors for eligible low-income countries. It was applied in cases such as Chad, Zambia and Ghana. The framework aims to avoid piecemeal negotiations with individual creditors.

Question 39Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

India's 'Carbon Credit Trading Scheme' notified in 2023 establishes a compliance mechanism under which a designated entity must do which of the following?

  1. Meet a greenhouse gas emission intensity target and trade surplus or deficit certificates Correct answer.
  2. Purchase only renewable power for all industrial use
  3. Report emissions without any trading obligation
  4. Pay a fixed carbon tax on every tonne of coal mined

Explanation

The scheme sets greenhouse gas emission intensity targets for obligated entities, which must surrender certificates for compliance and may trade surplus certificates. It creates a market-based compliance mechanism rather than a flat tax. Reporting alone is not the obligation; meeting the intensity target is.

Question 40Current Affairs and Contemporary Events

In the context of India's trade policy, the term 'rupee trade settlement' promoted with certain partner countries is best understood as which of the following?

  1. Banning the use of foreign currency in all imports
  2. Fixing the rupee's exchange rate against the dollar
  3. Creating a common currency for South Asia
  4. Denominating and settling bilateral trade in Indian rupees through special vostro accounts Correct answer.

Explanation

Rupee trade settlement allows imports and exports to be invoiced and settled in rupees using special vostro accounts held by partner-country banks with Indian banks. It aims to reduce dependence on a third currency and ease trade with partners facing dollar shortages. It does not fix the exchange rate or ban other currencies.

Question 41Indian History, Art and Culture

Which ancient text is the principal source for the Mauryan administration and the reign of Chandragupta Maurya?

  1. Mudrarakshasa
  2. Arthashastra Correct answer.
  3. Rajatarangini
  4. Indica

Explanation

The Arthashastra, attributed to Kautilya (Chanakya), is a treatise on statecraft, economy and military strategy that describes the administrative machinery of the Mauryan state. It is the standard textual source for Mauryan governance.

Question 42Indian History, Art and Culture

The Great Bath, a large rectangular tank of baked brick with bitumen lining, is the most famous structure at which Harappan site?

  1. Dholavira
  2. Lothal
  3. Mohenjo-daro Correct answer.
  4. Kalibangan

Explanation

The Great Bath lies in the citadel area of Mohenjo-daro and is built of finely fitted bricks sealed with a layer of bitumen. Its position and construction suggest a ritual or public bathing function in Harappan urban life.

Question 43Indian History, Art and Culture

Ashoka's dhamma was propagated mainly through which medium, as seen at sites such as Girnar and Sarnath?

  1. Palm-leaf manuscripts
  2. Rock and pillar edicts Correct answer.
  3. Copper-plate land grants
  4. Temple wall paintings

Explanation

Ashoka communicated his dhamma through inscriptions carved on rocks and polished stone pillars, written in Prakrit in Brahmi and in regional scripts such as Kharoshthi and Greek. These edicts are the primary evidence for his policy.

Question 44Indian History, Art and Culture

The Sanchi Stupa, whose original brick core is attributed to Ashoka, is located in which present-day state?

  1. Madhya Pradesh Correct answer.
  2. Bihar
  3. Andhra Pradesh
  4. Uttar Pradesh

Explanation

Sanchi lies near Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh. The site's Great Stupa was enlarged under later rulers and its carved gateways date mainly to the Satavahana period.

Question 45Indian History, Art and Culture

Which Gupta ruler is traditionally credited with the title 'Kaviraja' and with composing works in classical Sanskrit?

  1. Skandagupta
  2. Chandragupta II
  3. Kumaragupta I
  4. Samudragupta Correct answer.

Explanation

Samudragupta is described in the Allahabad pillar inscription as a poet-king, and coins depict him playing the veena, supporting the tradition of his literary patronage. The title Kaviraja is associated with him.

Question 46Indian History, Art and Culture

The Kailasa temple at Ellora, carved from a single rock mass, was commissioned by which dynasty?

  1. Rashtrakuta Correct answer.
  2. Chalukya
  3. Chola
  4. Pallava

Explanation

The Kailasa temple at Ellora was built under the Rashtrakuta king Krishna I in the eighth century. Its monolith excavation is a landmark of Indian rock-cut architecture.

Question 47Indian History, Art and Culture

The Brihadeeswarar temple at Thanjavur, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was built under which Chola ruler?

  1. Kulottunga Chola I
  2. Vijayalaya Chola
  3. Rajaraja Chola I Correct answer.
  4. Rajendra Chola I

Explanation

Rajaraja Chola I completed the Brihadeeswarar (Rajarajeswaram) temple around 1010 CE. It is celebrated for its towering vimana and monolithic Nandi.

Question 48Indian History, Art and Culture

Which dance form is associated with the temple tradition of Odisha and is known for its tribhangi posture?

  1. Bharatanatyam
  2. Kuchipudi
  3. Kathakali
  4. Odissi Correct answer.

Explanation

Odissi originated in the temples of Odisha and is distinguished by the tribhangi (three-bend) stance and sculptural poses echoing temple carvings. It is one of the classical dance forms recognised in India.

Question 49Indian History, Art and Culture

The Ajanta caves are chiefly celebrated for which artistic achievement?

  1. Buddhist mural paintings Correct answer.
  2. Islamic tile work
  3. Jain rock-cut sculptures
  4. Hindu temple reliefs

Explanation

The Ajanta caves contain some of the finest surviving Buddhist mural paintings, depicting Jataka tales and Bodhisattvas. They span the Satavahana and Vakataka periods.

Question 50Indian History, Art and Culture

Which Mughal emperor is credited with constructing the Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri?

  1. Humayun
  2. Babur
  3. Akbar Correct answer.
  4. Shah Jahan

Explanation

The Buland Darwaza was built by Akbar to commemorate his victory over Gujarat and forms the grand southern entrance to the Jama Masjid at Fatehpur Sikri. Its height and scale reflect imperial symbolism.