Ethics and Conduct: Ahimsa, Anuvrata, Mahavrata, and the Householder’s Path
What the domain tests
This domain tests ahimsa, the graded vows of householder and ascetic, and the structure of the twelve vows and eleven pratimas. Expect distinctions between anuvrata and mahavrata.
Ahimsa
Ahimsa is nonviolence in thought, word, and deed. It is not merely vegetarianism; it requires care (samiti) and restraint. Himsa is harm caused by passion; unintended harm in ordinary life is minimized, not denied.
Anuvrata and mahavrata
Householders take five anuvratas (limited vows): ahimsa, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, and aparigraha. They add three gunavratas and four sikshavratas, making twelve vows, and progress through eleven pratimas. Monks and nuns take five mahavratas absolutely, supported by five samitis and three guptis.
The householder’s path
The householder’s path is graded: right faith, limited vows, charity, and periodic ascetic practice. It is not a lower “optional” path; it is a distinct disciplined path aimed at reducing bondage.
Worked example
A trader may not lie to gain profit. Under anuvrata, truthfulness is limited by protection of life; under mahavrata, truth is absolute. Reasoning: the vows differ in scope, not in basic direction.
Traps
Do not say anuvrata is “no vow.” Do not treat ahimsa as only diet. Do not say householders take mahavratas. Do not confuse gunavratas with the five main vows.