Project Work
What this domain tests
How you choose, build, test, document and defend a small vocational project - aim, circuit diagram, component list, working, cost, safety and report.
Core rules
- A project starts with a clear aim and a measurable outcome, for example 'to switch a street lamp on at dusk and off at dawn using an LDR'.
- Document: title, aim, apparatus with ratings, circuit diagram, working principle, observations, cost sheet, limitations and conclusion.
- Test on a breadboard at low voltage before soldering or connecting mains. Never work on a live 230 V board without supervision.
- Record real observations, not invented readings. A project that fails but is analysed properly scores better than a copied one.
- Keep the report within the word limit and prepare for viva questions on every component you used.
Worked example
Automatic street light: an LDR and a 10 kΩ preset form a divider feeding the base of a BC547. In darkness the LDR resistance rises, the transistor turns on, and a 12 V relay switches the lamp. Relay coil 12 V, 400 Ω draws 30 mA; the BC547 collector rating is 100 mA, so direct drive is acceptable, but a 1N4007 must be connected across the coil to absorb back EMF. Cost: transformer ₹150, relay ₹70, LDR ₹10, transistor and diode ₹15, board and sundries ₹55 - about ₹300.
Traps that cost marks
No aim or conclusion; a circuit diagram with no component values; missing cost sheet; unsafe mains wiring; claiming results you never measured.