Vocabulary and Grammar in Context (適語補充・語形変化・語順整序)
This section asks which form fits a particular sentence: 適語補充 (choose from four), 語形変化 (change the given word), 語順整序 (reorder words), and 書き換え (rewrite with the same meaning). Rules are tested through sentences, so the deciding evidence is usually a signal word in the same line.
The patterns that repeat
- Tense signals: for / since / already / ever → 現在完了; yesterday / last week → 過去形; every day → 現在形.
- Passive: be + past participle when the subject receives the action.
- Comparison: as ... as, more ... than, the -est with a range or group.
- Infinitive or gerund: want to do, enjoy doing, look forward to doing, remember to do / doing.
- Participles as adjectives: an interesting book / a bored student.
- Relative pronouns: who for people, which for things, that for both.
- Indirect questions: keep statement order - where he lives, not where does he live.
Worked example
"My sister ( ) in this city for ten years." ① lives ② has lived ③ lived ④ is living
"For ten years" plus a situation still continuing requires the present perfect: ② has lived. ① is the trap for students who see a present-tense translation; ③ wrongly closes the period in the past.
Reordering example: I don't know ( he / where / lives ). Indirect questions use statement order, so the answer is where he lives, not where does he live.
Traps
- -ed / -ing adjective pairs: I was boring vs I was bored.
- Missing third-person -s and plural -s in copied answers.
- Prepositions of time and place: in 2024, on Monday, at seven.
- enjoy / finish / stop followed by -ing, but want / decide / hope followed by to.
- Rewriting items that change the meaning slightly - the rewrite must keep the same tense and subject.