Civil, Business and Labor Law
Civil law fundamentals
Civil law governs property and personal non-property relations between equal parties. Candidates must understand legal entities (forms, registration, charter capital), contracts (formation, performance, modification, termination), obligations, and liability. Know the concept of a transaction and the grounds for its invalidity, and the distinction between a legal entity and its founders.
Business law
Business law regulates entrepreneurial activity and state regulation of the economy. Understand licensing, permits, state registration of business entities, and the rules on competition and protection of entrepreneurs' rights. Know the forms of commercial organizations and the limits on state interference in business.
Labor law
Labor law governs relations between employer and employee under the Labor Code. Candidates must know the employment contract (content, term, probation), working time, rest time, wages, and grounds for termination. Understand disciplinary liability and the procedure for dismissal.
Traps in questions
- Confusing invalid transactions (void/voidable) with merely unperformed ones.
- Assuming a labor contract must always be indefinite - fixed-term contracts are permitted in defined cases.
- Treating founders' personal liability as automatic for company debts; limited liability companies limit it to contributions except in defined cases.
Rule of thumb
For contract questions: check whether the essential terms (parties, subject, price where required) are agreed. Missing essential terms means the contract is not concluded - a frequent exam trap.