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Grade 7 Social Science study materials
Grade 7 Social Science study resources

Grade 7 Social Science practice questions

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Question 1History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

Which river valley civilization developed along the Nile and built pyramids as tombs for pharaohs?

  1. Indus Valley
  2. Mesopotamia
  3. Shang China
  4. Ancient Egypt Correct answer.

Explanation

Ancient Egyptian civilization grew along the Nile, and its rulers, called pharaohs, were buried in pyramids such as those at Giza. The other options are river civilizations tied to the Tigris-Euphrates, the Indus, and the Yellow River.

Question 2History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Code of Hammurabi is significant in world history mainly because it

  1. recorded a large body of laws publicly on a stone stele Correct answer.
  2. created the world's first coined money system
  3. established the first monotheistic state religion
  4. organized the earliest known library of clay tablets

Explanation

Hammurabi, king of Babylon, had an extensive set of laws carved on a stone stele so they could be seen and applied publicly. This makes it a landmark in the history of written law and government.

Question 3History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

Which geographic feature most directly enabled the agricultural surplus of the earliest river valley civilizations?

  1. High mountain passes that blocked invasion
  2. Deep harbors that supported ocean trade
  3. Dense forests that supplied abundant timber
  4. Predictable flooding that deposited fertile silt Correct answer.

Explanation

Annual floods on rivers such as the Nile and the Tigris-Euphrates left behind nutrient-rich silt, allowing farmers to produce surplus food. That surplus supported cities, specialists, and complex government.

Question 4History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

In ancient Athens, the assembly of citizens that voted on laws and war was an early example of

  1. absolute monarchy
  2. direct democracy Correct answer.
  3. feudal lordship
  4. theocratic rule

Explanation

Athenian citizens gathered in person to debate and vote on public decisions, which is the defining feature of direct democracy. Not all residents could participate, since women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded.

Question 5History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Roman Republic's system of two annually elected consuls was designed mainly to

  1. prevent any single official from holding power too long Correct answer.
  2. guarantee that generals could serve for life
  3. give the plebeians complete control of the state
  4. replace the Senate with a popular assembly

Explanation

Consuls served one-year terms and could check each other, an arrangement intended to limit the concentration of power. This principle of shared, temporary authority shaped later republican thought.

Question 6History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

Which belief is central to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as they developed in the ancient and early medieval world?

  1. Reincarnation into a series of lives
  2. Worship of a single supreme God Correct answer.
  3. The existence of many equal nature gods
  4. Divine status for the emperor

Explanation

All three religions are monotheistic, teaching that one supreme God created and governs the world. This shared foundation shaped law, ethics, and community life across the Mediterranean and Middle East.

Question 7History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Silk Roads are best described as

  1. a single paved highway built by the Han dynasty
  2. a religious pilgrimage path used only by Buddhist monks
  3. a sea route connecting China directly to West Africa
  4. a network of overland trade routes linking East Asia, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean Correct answer.

Explanation

The Silk Roads were a web of land routes across Eurasia over which goods, ideas, technologies, and diseases moved. They were not one road but many connected caravan paths.

Question 8History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

How did the spread of Buddhism along trade routes change societies in East Asia?

  1. It replaced the Chinese writing system
  2. It abolished the examination system for officials
  3. It introduced new monasteries, art styles, and philosophical traditions Correct answer.
  4. It permanently ended all trade with India

Explanation

As merchants and monks traveled, Buddhism carried texts, monastic institutions, and new artistic forms such as cave temples and sculpture into China, Korea, and Japan. It blended with local traditions rather than erasing them.

Question 9History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The feudal system that developed in medieval Europe was based primarily on

  1. universal voting rights for adult men
  2. exchanges of land for military service and loyalty Correct answer.
  3. state-owned factories producing manufactured goods
  4. elected parliaments choosing all local officials

Explanation

In European feudalism, lords granted land (fiefs) to vassals in return for military service and allegiance, while peasants worked the land. This created a hierarchy of obligations rather than a centralized state.

Question 10History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Islamic Golden Age contributed to later world civilization especially through

  1. advances in mathematics, medicine, and the preservation of classical texts Correct answer.
  2. the first use of gunpowder weapons in Europe
  3. the invention of the printing press
  4. the creation of the feudal manor system

Explanation

Scholars in the Islamic world developed algebra, advanced medicine, and translated and preserved Greek and Persian works. These achievements later reached Europe and influenced the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution.

Question 11History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

Which statement best explains why the Mongol Empire encouraged trade across Eurasia?

  1. Mongol rulers required every merchant to convert to one religion
  2. Mongol rulers destroyed the Silk Roads to prevent invasion
  3. Mongol rulers banned all foreign goods to protect local crafts
  4. Mongol rulers secured roads and protected merchants within their unified territory Correct answer.

Explanation

After conquest, the Mongols established a vast realm with enforced peace and protected routes, which lowered the risks of long-distance trade. This 'Pax Mongolica' allowed merchants, missionaries, and ideas to travel more safely.

Question 12History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Black Death of the 1300s affected European society in which of the following ways?

  1. It led to the abandonment of all cities in Europe
  2. It caused the immediate collapse of the Catholic Church
  3. It ended the use of money in European economies
  4. It sharply reduced the population and increased the value of labor Correct answer.

Explanation

The plague killed a large share of Europe's population, making surviving workers scarcer and their labor more valuable. This contributed to the decline of serfdom and changes in wages and social relations.

Question 13History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Renaissance in Italy is often described as a rebirth of interest in

  1. classical Greek and Roman learning and art Correct answer.
  2. Mongol military tactics
  3. the legal code of Hammurabi
  4. medieval feudal obligations and manors

Explanation

Renaissance thinkers and artists looked back to ancient Greek and Roman texts and styles, combining them with new techniques such as perspective. Humanist scholars emphasized the study of classical literature and history.

Question 14History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

Which technological development most directly enabled European ocean exploration in the 1400s and 1500s?

  1. The construction of transcontinental railroads
  2. The invention of the steam engine
  3. Improved navigational tools such as the magnetic compass and astrolabe Correct answer.
  4. The development of the telegraph

Explanation

Sailors used the magnetic compass, astrolabe, and improved charts and ships to navigate open oceans beyond sight of land. These tools made long voyages of exploration and trade possible.

Question 15History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Columbian Exchange refers to the transfer between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia of

  1. political treaties and written constitutions
  2. only manufactured luxury goods
  3. plants, animals, people, and diseases Correct answer.
  4. religious scriptures alone

Explanation

After 1492, crops such as maize and potatoes moved east while wheat, horses, and cattle moved west, along with people and pathogens. Disease transfer had devastating effects on Indigenous populations.

Question 16History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

A historian argues that the Columbian Exchange caused demographic collapse in the Americas. Which evidence best supports this claim?

  1. Eurasian diseases such as smallpox spread to populations with no prior immunity Correct answer.
  2. American crops such as maize spread to Africa and Asia
  3. European explorers brought back new foods to Europe
  4. European merchants traded manufactured goods for furs

Explanation

Because Indigenous Americans had no acquired immunity to Eurasian diseases, epidemics spread rapidly and killed millions. This disease transfer, more than warfare alone, explains the sharp population decline.

Question 17History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses of 1517 challenged the Catholic Church primarily over

  1. the use of Latin in scientific writing
  2. the design of Renaissance architecture
  3. the sale of indulgences and abuses in church practice Correct answer.
  4. the authority of the Mongol khan

Explanation

Luther objected to indulgences, which were sold as reductions of punishment for sin, and to other practices he saw as corrupt. His challenge helped spark the Protestant Reformation and the division of Western Christianity.

Question 18History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The printing press developed by Johannes Gutenberg around 1450 changed early modern Europe mainly by

  1. ending the need for universities
  2. preventing the translation of the Bible
  3. replacing all oral communication in villages
  4. making books cheaper and ideas faster to spread Correct answer.

Explanation

Movable-type printing allowed texts to be produced quickly and in large numbers, lowering their cost. This accelerated the spread of Reformation ideas, scientific discoveries, and literacy across Europe.

Question 19History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

Which of the following best describes the encomienda system established by the Spanish in the Americas?

  1. Native peoples were granted full ownership of Spanish land
  2. Spaniards were granted the labor of Indigenous people in exchange for claimed protection and instruction Correct answer.
  3. Indigenous communities elected their own Spanish governors
  4. Africans and Spaniards shared equal legal rights on plantations

Explanation

Under the encomienda, the Crown granted colonists rights to Indigenous labor and tribute with an obligation to protect and Christianize them. In practice it became a system of forced labor and abuse.

Question 20History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The transatlantic slave trade between the 1500s and 1800s was driven primarily by demand for

  1. soldiers to defend European cities
  2. workers for northern European factories
  3. sailors for Asian merchant fleets
  4. labor on sugar, tobacco, and cotton plantations Correct answer.

Explanation

European planters in the Americas needed a large, controlled workforce for labor-intensive cash crops. Enslaved Africans were forcibly transported across the Atlantic to meet that demand, at enormous human cost.

Question 21History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Scientific Revolution of the 1500s and 1600s changed how Europeans understood the natural world by emphasizing

  1. the rejection of all measurement
  2. the interpretation of dreams as the main evidence
  3. observation, experiment, and mathematical reasoning Correct answer.
  4. strict reliance on ancient authority alone

Explanation

Figures such as Galileo, Kepler, and Newton used observation, experiment, and mathematics to explain motion and the heavens. This challenged older reliance on ancient texts and helped establish modern scientific methods.

Question 22History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

Which development best explains why European states could build stronger central governments in the early modern period?

  1. The disappearance of trade removed competition between states
  2. The end of written law made rulers less accountable
  3. The decline of all cities reduced the need for administration
  4. Growing tax revenues supported larger armies and bureaucracies Correct answer.

Explanation

As commerce and taxation expanded, rulers could fund standing armies and salaried officials, which strengthened central authority. This process contributed to the rise of absolutist and later constitutional states.

Question 23History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Mughal Empire under Akbar is remembered for policies that

  1. replaced Persian with Mongol as the court language
  2. expelled all non-Muslims from India
  3. abolished trade with the Indian Ocean world
  4. promoted religious tolerance and incorporated Hindu officials Correct answer.

Explanation

Akbar sought to integrate his diverse empire by tolerating religious differences and employing Hindu nobles and officials. His policies helped stabilize Mughal rule over a majority non-Muslim population.

Question 24History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Tokugawa shogunate in Japan maintained stability for over two centuries largely by

  1. abolishing the samurai class entirely
  2. enforcing strict social hierarchy and controlling contacts with outsiders Correct answer.
  3. granting full political power to merchants
  4. encouraging unrestricted foreign colonization

Explanation

The Tokugawa shoguns fixed social classes, limited daimyo autonomy, and restricted foreign trade and travel. These controls produced a long period of internal peace, though they also limited outside influence.

Question 25History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

Which of these best explains the long-term significance of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648?

  1. It created a single European empire under one monarch
  2. It abolished all national borders in Europe
  3. It recognized the sovereignty of individual states and their right to manage internal affairs Correct answer.
  4. It permanently united the Catholic and Protestant churches

Explanation

The treaties ending the Thirty Years' War acknowledged the sovereign rights of states, including control over religion within their territories. This is often cited as a foundation of the modern state system.

Question 26History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Code of Hammurabi, created in ancient Babylon around 1750 BCE, is historically significant mainly because it

  1. introduced democratic voting for city officials
  2. established the first monotheistic state religion
  3. abolished slavery throughout Mesopotamia
  4. recorded a comprehensive set of written laws with specified punishments Correct answer.

Explanation

Hammurabi's Code is one of the earliest surviving complete legal codes, inscribed on a stone stele and organized around graded penalties. It preserved a written standard of justice that later legal traditions could reference, even though enforcement remained tied to royal power.

Question 27History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The caste system in ancient India, known as varna, organized society into hereditary groups that were understood as

  1. classes that could be changed freely at any time
  2. temporary ranks earned through military service
  3. occupational guilds regulated only by merchants
  4. social categories linked to ritual purity and occupation Correct answer.

Explanation

Varna divided society into hereditary groups-priests, warriors, merchants, and laborers-associated with ritual status and occupation. This structure shaped marriage, work, and religious duties over many centuries.

Question 28History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Athenian reforms of Cleisthenes around 508 BCE are remembered for

  1. creating a professional standing army loyal to a king
  2. granting full citizenship to enslaved people and foreigners
  3. replacing the assembly with rule by a single tyrant
  4. expanding citizen participation through new tribal and assembly structures Correct answer.

Explanation

Cleisthenes reorganized Athenian tribes and strengthened the assembly, widening participation among male citizens. These changes laid groundwork for Athenian democracy, although citizenship remained restricted.

Question 29History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

Which statement best explains how geography shaped the development of ancient Egyptian civilization?

  1. The lack of a major river forced reliance on sea trade
  2. Desert rainfall supplied most of the water for farming
  3. Mountain passes encouraged frequent invasions from the south
  4. Annual Nile floods deposited fertile soil that supported agriculture Correct answer.

Explanation

The predictable Nile flood deposited nutrient-rich silt, enabling surplus farming that supported cities, bureaucracy, and monumental building. The surrounding deserts also provided some protection from invasion.

Question 30History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Roman Republic's political system balanced power partly by giving the Senate, the consuls, and the tribunes different roles. Which description is accurate?

  1. Consuls were chosen by the Senate without citizen input
  2. The Senate was chosen by lottery from all residents
  3. Consuls served for life and controlled all legislation
  4. Tribunes were elected to protect the interests of plebeians Correct answer.

Explanation

Tribunes of the plebs were elected officials who could veto actions harmful to plebeians, a key check in the Republic. Consuls held executive power for one-year terms, and the Senate advised on policy.

Question 31History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Han dynasty's civil service system is significant because it

  1. ended government involvement in trade and infrastructure
  2. required all officials to be members of the imperial family
  3. recruited officials partly through examinations based on Confucian texts Correct answer.
  4. replaced written administration with purely oral traditions

Explanation

Han officials increasingly were selected through recommendations and examinations grounded in Confucian learning. This linked governance to a shared scholarly tradition and influenced later Chinese bureaucracy.

Question 32History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

Which of the following was a lasting achievement of the Byzantine Empire under Justinian?

  1. The construction of the Great Wall of China
  2. The founding of the Mongol Empire
  3. The preservation and codification of Roman law Correct answer.
  4. The invention of movable-type printing

Explanation

Justinian ordered the compilation of Roman legal materials into what became known as the Corpus Juris Civilis, which influenced later European legal systems. His reign also saw major building projects such as Hagia Sophia.

Question 33History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Great Schism of 1054 refers to the split between

  1. Catholic and Orthodox Christianity Correct answer.
  2. Sunni and Shia Islam
  3. Hinduism and Buddhism
  4. Judaism and Christianity

Explanation

The Great Schism divided the Latin Church centered in Rome from the Greek Church centered in Constantinople over issues including papal authority and doctrine. The split shaped religious boundaries across medieval Europe.

Question 34History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

Manorialism in medieval Europe is best described as a system in which

  1. kings appointed officials to collect taxes from free farmers
  2. peasants worked land owned by a lord in exchange for protection and rights of use Correct answer.
  3. monasteries owned all farmland in a kingdom
  4. merchants governed towns through elected councils

Explanation

Manorialism organized rural life around a lord's estate, with peasants owing labor or dues in return for access to land and protection. It was an economic arrangement distinct from, but linked to, feudalism's political relationships.

Question 35History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

In the Islamic world of the 700s and 800s, the House of Wisdom in Baghdad supported

  1. the destruction of libraries across the caliphate
  2. the banning of mathematics as foreign knowledge
  3. translation of Greek and Persian works into Arabic and new scholarship Correct answer.
  4. the replacement of Arabic with Latin in administration

Explanation

The House of Wisdom was a center where scholars translated and expanded on Greek, Persian, and Indian learning, especially in mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. This work preserved and advanced knowledge later shared with Europe.

Question 36History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Crusades affected medieval Europe in which of the following ways?

  1. They caused Europe to abandon the use of coins
  2. They ended all trade between Europe and the Middle East
  3. They increased European exposure to goods and ideas from the eastern Mediterranean Correct answer.
  4. They permanently united Christian and Muslim rulers

Explanation

Crusaders and merchants brought back goods, technologies, and knowledge from the eastern Mediterranean, stimulating trade and cultural exchange. The Crusades also deepened religious conflict even as they expanded contact.

Question 37History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Mali Empire's wealth in the 1300s was closely connected to

  1. conquest of coastal European ports
  2. monopoly of Baltic amber
  3. control of trans-Saharan gold and salt trade routes Correct answer.
  4. ownership of Mediterranean shipping fleets

Explanation

Mali controlled key trans-Saharan trade routes, profiting from gold and salt moving between West Africa and North Africa. Its ruler Mansa Musa became famous for wealth and for promoting Islam and learning.

Question 38History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Aztec capital Tenochtitlan was built on an island in Lake Texcoco. This location most directly helped the Aztecs

  1. mine silver from deep mountain shafts
  2. develop chinampas, raised fields that produced multiple harvests Correct answer.
  3. build a large navy to control the Atlantic
  4. raise herds of horses for cavalry

Explanation

The lake environment allowed the Aztecs to create chinampas, fertile raised plots that supported intensive agriculture and a large population. The city's canals also served as transport routes.

Question 39History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Inca state organized labor and production largely through

  1. private banks that lent money to farmers
  2. the mit'a, a rotating system of required public labor Correct answer.
  3. hereditary slavery of captured European soldiers
  4. a market economy based on gold coins

Explanation

The Inca used the mit'a, a rotating labor obligation, to build roads, terraces, and storehouses and to supply the state. This system reflected the Inca state's ability to mobilize large populations without coin-based markets.

Question 40History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

Which of the following best describes the role of the caravel in European exploration?

  1. It was a type of compass that pointed to the stars
  2. It was a small, maneuverable ship with lateen sails suited to long ocean voyages Correct answer.
  3. It was a heavy armored wagon used on land routes
  4. It was a fortified trading post on the African coast

Explanation

The caravel combined square and lateen sails, allowing sailors to tack against the wind and navigate coastal and open-ocean routes. Its design supported Portuguese voyages along Africa and across the Atlantic.

Question 41History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) attempted to settle competition between Spain and Portugal by

  1. dividing newly claimed overseas territories along a line in the Atlantic Correct answer.
  2. ending the transatlantic slave trade
  3. creating a joint government for the Americas
  4. banning all European exploration beyond Africa

Explanation

The treaty drew a line in the Atlantic, assigning claims to the west mainly to Spain and to the east mainly to Portugal. It reflected the era's assumption that European rulers could divide lands they had not yet fully explored.

Question 42History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

Which statement best explains why the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 was significant for European trade?

  1. It caused Europeans to abandon Mediterranean shipping
  2. It transferred control of the Atlantic to the Ottoman navy
  3. It gave the Ottomans control of a key link in trade routes to Asia Correct answer.
  4. It ended all trade between Europe and Asia permanently

Explanation

Constantinople controlled the straits linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, so Ottoman control affected the flow of goods from Asia. This contributed to European interest in finding alternate sea routes, though trade did not simply stop.

Question 43History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Protestant Reformation in the 1500s led to which political development in Europe?

  1. The end of warfare between Catholic and Protestant states
  2. The permanent unification of all European states under the pope
  3. The strengthening of some rulers who adopted Protestantism and took control of church lands Correct answer.
  4. The abolition of monarchy in northern Europe

Explanation

Rulers who adopted Protestantism often gained authority over church property and appointments, strengthening state power. Religious division also produced prolonged conflict rather than unity or the abolition of monarchy.

Question 44History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Council of Trent (1545–1563) was important because it

  1. clarified Catholic doctrine and launched reforms within the Church Correct answer.
  2. abolished the office of the pope
  3. created the Church of England
  4. approved Martin Luther's teachings on salvation

Explanation

The Council of Trent reaffirmed key Catholic teachings, corrected abuses such as lax clerical education, and strengthened discipline. It shaped the Counter-Reformation and the modern Catholic Church.

Question 45History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

A historian studying the Columbian Exchange finds that maize and potatoes were carried from the Americas to Europe and Asia. This evidence best supports which conclusion?

  1. European crops replaced all American farming
  2. The exchange moved goods in only one direction
  3. American crops had no effect on diets outside the Americas
  4. American crops improved food supplies and population growth in Afro-Eurasia Correct answer.

Explanation

Maize and potatoes became staple foods in parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia, contributing to population growth where they thrived. The exchange was multidirectional, but the movement of American crops outward had major demographic effects.

Question 46History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

Which development best explains the rise of joint-stock companies in early modern Europe?

  1. The need to pool capital and share risk for long-distance trade Correct answer.
  2. The banning of private investment by governments
  3. The decline of all overseas commerce
  4. The disappearance of money in European economies

Explanation

Joint-stock companies allowed many investors to share the cost and risk of expensive voyages and colonial ventures. This pooling of capital supported enterprises such as the Dutch and English East India Companies.

Question 47History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The encomienda and the later hacienda system in Spanish America differed mainly in that

  1. the encomienda abolished forced labor while the hacienda restored it
  2. the encomienda granted labor rights while the hacienda was a landed estate Correct answer.
  3. the hacienda was a tax on imported goods
  4. the encomienda applied only to Portuguese colonies

Explanation

The encomienda gave Spaniards rights to Indigenous labor in exchange for supposed protection and Christian instruction. The hacienda was a large estate that relied on various labor forms, including Indigenous and later imported workers.

Question 48History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb's policies contributed to which outcome?

  1. The end of the Mughal Empire in the 1500s
  2. The permanent unification of Hindu and Muslim elites
  3. The transfer of the Mughal capital to Lisbon
  4. The weakening of Mughal unity through prolonged warfare and religious policies Correct answer.

Explanation

Aurangzeb's long military campaigns and stricter religious policies alienated some groups and strained resources. These pressures contributed to the empire's decline after his death in 1707.

Question 49History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The Qing dynasty's decision to restrict maritime trade in the 1600s and 1700s was intended mainly to

  1. encourage rapid industrialization
  2. abolish the civil service examination system
  3. control contact with foreigners and limit foreign influence Correct answer.
  4. end the cultivation of rice in southern China

Explanation

Qing rulers regulated maritime trade to control foreign contact, limit piracy, and preserve internal order. These restrictions shaped China's relationship with European traders, who sought greater access.

Question 50History: World Civilizations and Early Modern Era

The English Bill of Rights of 1689 is significant because it

  1. restored absolute monarchy in England
  2. abolished the House of Commons
  3. established the Church of England
  4. limited royal power and affirmed rights of Parliament Correct answer.

Explanation

The Bill of Rights set limits on the monarch and confirmed parliamentary authority over taxation and legislation. It became a foundation for constitutional government in England.