Safe Driving, Braking, Antilock Brake Systems, and Hazard Avoidance
What this domain tests
Safe-driving questions test speed and space management, correct braking technique, how antilock brakes behave, and how to choose an escape path when a hazard appears.
Core rules
- Following distance: use at least one second for each 10 feet of bus length below 40 mph, and add one second above 40 mph. A 40-foot bus needs 4 seconds below 40 mph and 5 seconds above 40 mph.
- Look ahead 12 to 15 seconds, scan mirrors, and identify an escape route before you need it.
- Brake smoothly and progressively. With ABS, apply firm steady pressure and steer; do not pump the brake.
- ABS prevents wheel lockup and helps maintain steering control, but it may increase stopping distance on gravel, snow, or loose surfaces. Do not assume ABS shortens every stop.
- Slow before curves, use turn signals early, and avoid sudden swerves that can roll a bus.
Worked example
A 40-foot bus is traveling 45 mph and a car cuts in. The driver needs a 5-second following gap, so the current 2-second gap is too close. The driver releases the accelerator, applies firm steady brake pressure, keeps the bus straight, and looks for an escape route to the right. Reasoning: swerving a loaded bus can cause a rollover; controlled braking with ABS preserves steering and reduces the risk of loss of control.
Traps that cost marks
Pumping the brake pedal in an ABS-equipped bus; using the 4-second gap at 50 mph; tailgating to discourage cut-ins; and swerving before braking. Also remember that a bus weight makes stopping distances longer than a car.