Kuwerenga: Mfundo Yonenedwa ndi Yolingaliridwa mu Ndime
Inu mukuphunzitsa Chichewa ku kalasi ya Form 4 ndipo mwapatsa ophunzira ndime iyi kuti awerenge pa mayeso a mkati:
'Borehole ya ku Chigwirizano inawombedwa chaka cha 2019 ndi bungwe la Njira ya Moyo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, amayi a m'derali sanapite konse ku mtsinje wa Chikowa, mtunda wa makilomita atatu. Koma mwezi uno mpope unatha. Pa msonkhano wa m'mudzi, mkazi mmodzi ananena kuti: Ife tikudziwa kuti bungwe silinataye mwayi; koma nthawi zonse amatiuza kuti tidikire. Palibe amene anakwiya, koma aliyense anangotuluka mwakachetechete.'
Tiyamike anayankha kuti: 'Wolemba akunena kuti amayi sakondwera ndi bungwe.' Madalitso anayankha kuti: 'Wolemba sakunena zimenezi; iye akungofotokoza zomwe zinachitika.' Mwapeza mayankho aŵiri osiyana pa funso limodzi, ndipo muyenera kuwerenga malinga ndi rubriki. Ndimeyi ili ndi mfundo zosonyeza maganizo, ndipo ophunzira ambiri amasokoneza pakati pa 'kunena' ndi 'kutanthauza'. Mukudziwa kuti rubriki imafuna umboni wa m'ndime, osati maganizo a ophunzira.
1. Kodi ndi wolondola ndani pa Tiyamike ndi Madalitso? Fotokozani umboni wa m'ndime, ndipo sonyezani mmene mungawerengere mayankho aŵiriwo pa rubriki.
Read the worked answer
Palibe amene walondola kwathunthu; onse ali ndi gawo la choonadi, ndipo rubriki iyenera kuzindikira zimenezi.
Umboni wa m'ndime:
- 'Sanapite konse ku mtsinje' kusonyeza phindu la borehole kwa amayi.
- 'Koma mwezi uno mpope unatha' kusonyeza vuto latsopano.
- Mawu a mkazi: 'nthawi zonse amatiuza kuti tidikire' kusonyeza kukhumudwa ndi kudikira kosatha, koma osati mkwiyo.
- 'Palibe amene anakwiya, koma aliyense anangotuluka mwakachetechete' ndi umboni wamphamvu kwambiri: anthu sanakwiye, koma sanasangalale - anatuluka mwakachetechete, ndiko kuti anakwiya m'kati kapena anakhumudwa.
Kuwunika mayankho:
- Tiyamike: 'sakondwera ndi bungwe' ndi yankho lamphamvu kwambiri (overstated). Ndime imati palibe amene anakwiya; komabe kukhumudwa kulipo. Amalandira mfundo imodzi pa zitatu ngati walemba umboni.
- Madalitso: 'akungofotokoza' ndi yankho lofooka (understated), chifukwa ndime imasankha mfundo zinazake kusonyeza maganizo. Amalandira mfundo imodzi pa zitatu ngati walemba umboni wa kusankha mfundo.
Rubriki: mfundo 1 kwa kutchula maganizo a wolemba; mfundo 1 kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mawu a m'ndime monga umboni; mfundo 1 kwa kusiyanitsa pakati pa chonenedwa ndi cholingaliridwa. Yankho labwino kwambiri limatchula mbali ziŵiri: wolemba akufotokoza zoona, koma kusankha kwake mfundo kumasonyeza kukhumudwa.
2. Mawu akuti 'tidikire' ndi 'anangotuluka mwakachetechete' akutanthauza chiyani pamenepa? Ndi njira ziti za chinenero zimene wolemba wagwiritsa ntchito kusonyeza maganizo popanda kuwanena mwachindunji?
Read the worked answer
'Tidikire' ndi mawu a mkazi, osati a wolemba. Amatanthauza 'tiyeni tidikire' ndipo amasonyeza lamulo lobwereza mobwerezabwereza. Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu osavuta a mkazi kumapangitsa wowerenga kumva kukhumudwa popanda wolemba kunena kuti 'amayi akukhumudwa'.
'Anangotuluka mwakachetechete' amatanthauza kuti anthu anatuluka mumsonkhano mwakachetechete, popanda kutsutsa. 'Mwakachetechete' sikutanthauza kukondwera; kumatanthauza kunena zochepa kapena kusakamba, ndipo m'mawu a ndimeyi kumasonyeza kukhumudwa. Kuwonjezera apo, 'anangotuluka' (ndi mawu 'kungo-') kumachepetsa zochitika, koma 'palibe amene anakwiya' kumawonjezera chisiyano: kunja mumtima muli kanthu, koma palibe amene anaponya mwala.
Njira za chinenero:
- Kusatsimikiza (understatement). Kunena zochepa koma kusiya wowerenga kumva zambiri.
- Kusankha mfundo. Wolemba sananene za zonse; anasankha mtunda, mpope, mawu a mkazi, ndi kutuluka.
- Kusiyanitsa. 'Sanapite konse ku mtsinje' ndi 'mpope unatha' zili zosiyana, ndipo chisiyanitso chimasonyeza vuto.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu a anthu (quotation). Mawu 'tidikire' amabweretsa mawu a mkazi mwachindunji, kotero wowerenga amamva maganizo mwa iye yekha.
3. Mungaphunzitse bwanji kusiyanitsa 'chonenedwa' ndi 'cholingaliridwa' m'kalasi, popanda kungowapatsa yankho la funso?
Read the worked answer
Gwiritsani ntchito tebulo la magawo atatu pa bolodi: (1) Zimene zanenedwa, (2) Zimene zikusonyezedwa, (3) Umboni. Ophunzira amadzaza gawoli okha ndime iliyonse isanayankhidwe.
Kenako perekani mafunso oyesa:
- Kodi mawu amenewa ali m'ndime? (Ngati palibe, si 'chonenedwa'.)
- Kodi ndani ananena, ndipo kodi ndime imavomereza kapena imangotchula?
- Kodi ndime imatiuza kuti munthu uyu ali ndi maganizo otani? Umboni ndi uti?
Lamulirani kuti yankho lililonse likhale ndi mawu a m'ndime (quotation). Ophunzira amene amangolemba maganizo awo amaphunzitsidwa kuti 'maganizo anu si umboni'. Pomaliza, perekani ndime ina yofanana ndi mafunso aŵiri ndipo mulole ophunzira kugwirizana pa mayankho, koma aliyense alembe umboni wake. Izi zimaphunzitsa kusiyanitsa popanda mphunzitsi kupereka yankho.