Mawu ndi Miyambo: Kubwereka, Kubwereketsa ndi Miyambo Yantchito
Inu ndi mtsogoleri wa kalabu ya Chichewa ku Sukulu ya Sekondale ya Mbalame. Kalabuyi ikumasulira chidziwitso cha Chingerezi chopita ku Chichewa, ndipo chidziwitsocho chidzaikidwa pa khoma la ofesi. Chingerezi chiri motere:
'Parents are asked to lend a hand. The school cannot lend money to anyone, but learners may borrow books from the library. The price of uniforms has gone up, so do not be lazy - start saving now.'
Ophunzira anapereka mawu awa:
(1) 'Makolo akupemphedwa kubwereketsa dzanja.' (2) 'Sukulu sichitha kubwereka ndalama kwa aliyense.' (3) 'Ophunzira akhoza kubwereketsa mabuku ku laibulale.' (4) 'Mtengo wa yunifolomu wakwera, choncho musadye manja - yambani kusunga ndalama.'
Mphunzitsi wina akuti mawu onse ndi olondola chifukwa Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito liwu limodzi pa nthawi zambiri; inu simukugwirizana naye. Chidziwitsochi chiyenera kumveka kwa makolo osaphunzira, kotero kusamveka kumawononga cholinga chake. Pa mkangano, ophunzira anati Chichewa sichisiyanitsa kubwereka ndi kubwereketsa.
1. Lembani mayankho oyenera a mawu anayiwo, ndipo fotokozani mfundo ya chinenero imene ili kuseri kwa cholakwika chilichonse.
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Mawu oyenera:
- 'Makolo akupemphedwa kuthandiza.' - 'Lend a hand' ndi mwambi wa Chingerezi, osati mawu a Chichewa. 'Kubwereketsa dzanja' ndi kumasulira mawu ndi mawu (literal) ndipo sichimveka. Chichewa chimagwiritsa ntchito 'kuthandiza' kapena 'kugwira nawo ntchito'.
- 'Sukulu siingabwereketse ndalama kwa aliyense.' - Zolakwika ziŵiri: 'kubwereka' ndi kubwereka (to borrow), koma sukulu ikupereka ndalama, choncho ndi 'kubwereketsa'. Ndipo 'sichitha' amatanthauza 'simaliza', osati 'sangathe'. Kwa kuletseka kwa kuthekera, gwiritsani ntchito 'siinga-'.
- 'Ophunzira akhoza kubwereka mabuku ku laibulale.' - Mayendedwe a mawu ndi olakwika. Ophunzira amatenga mabuku, choncho amabwereka; laibulale imabwereketsa. Kuonjezera apo, 'kuchokera ku laibulale' kumamveka bwino.
- 'Mitengo ya yunifolomu yakwera, choncho musataye nthawi - yambani kusunga ndalama.' - Tanthauzo ndi lolondola, koma 'kudya manja' ndi mawu a m'kati mwa anthu osati a chidziwitso cha ofesi; ndipo ngati mukamba za yunifolomu zonse, 'mitengo' (gulu 4) ndi yoyenera, osati 'mtengo'.
Mfundo ya chinenero: Chichewa chimasankha mawu malinga ndi mmene zinthu zilili (direction of action). 'Kubwereka' ndi kutenga kwakanthawi; 'kubwereketsa' ndi kupereka kwakanthawi. Vuto lalikulu pa mawu onsewa ndi kumasulira mawu ndi mawu popanda kuganizira tanthauzo ndi kalembedwe ka chidziwitso.
2. Fotokozani tanthauzo la 'kukwera mtengo' ndi 'kudya manja', ndipo perekani chitsanzo cha chilichonse chokhudza sukulu.
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Kukwera mtengo ndi mwambi wokhudza mitengo, osati munthu wokwera phiri. Amatanthauza kuti chinthu chakwera mtengo, choncho anthu avutika kuchigula.
Chitsanzo: 'Mitengo ya yunifolomu yakwera, choncho makolo ambiri akuvutika kugula zovala za ana awo.'
Zindikirani mgwirizano: 'mtengo wakwera' (gulu 3, mmodzi) koma 'mitengo yakwera' (gulu 4, ambiri). Ophunzira amalephera apa chifukwa amagwiritsa ntchito 'wa-' nthawi zonse.
Kudya manja ndi mwambi wosonyeza munthu wosagwira ntchito, wongokhala kapena wodalira ena. Sikuti munthu akudya manja ake enieni.
Chitsanzo: 'Ophunzira amene amangodya manja nthawi ya kupuma sadzasintha mavuto awo.'
Chofunika: mwambi uwu ndi wa m'kati mwa anthu ndipo ukhoza kumveka ngati kunyoza. Pa chidziwitso cha ofesi, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mawu osavuta monga 'musataye nthawi' kapena 'yambani kugwira ntchito'. Mu mayeso, ophunzira amafunika kufotokoza tanthauzo musanagwiritse ntchito mwambi, chifukwa amafunsidwa kuti asonyeze kumvetsa, osati kungolemba mawu.
3. Lembaninso chidziwitso chonse m'Chichewa chomveka kwa makolo, ndipo fotokozani zisankho zanu.
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Chitsanzo:
'Makolo akupemphedwa kuthandiza. Sukulu siingabwereketse ndalama kwa aliyense, koma ophunzira akhoza kubwereka mabuku ku laibulale. Mitengo ya yunifolomu yakwera, choncho musataye nthawi - yambani kusunga ndalama tsopano.'
Zifukwa za zisankho:
- 'Kuthandiza' m'malo mwa 'kubwereketsa dzanja'. Mwambi wa Chingerezi suimasuliridwa mawu ndi mawu; tanthauzo ndi logwirira ntchito.
- 'Siingabwereketse' m'malo mwa 'sichitha kubwereka'. Izi zikukonza both direction (lender) ndi kuthekera (cannot).
- 'Kubwereka mabuku ku laibulale'. Mayendedwe a mawu ndi olondola.
- 'Mitengo ya yunifolomu yakwera'. Mgwirizano wa gulu 4 ndi wolondola.
- 'Musataye nthawi' m'malo mwa 'musadye manja'. Chidziwitso cholembedwa pa khoma la ofesi chiyenera kukhala chaulemu ndi chomveka kwa aliyense, kuphatikizapo amene sakudziwa miyambo.
Pa mayeso, ophunzira amapatsidwa mfundo pa tanthauzo lolondola, kalembedwe ka chidziwitso, ndi mgwirizano wa galamala; koma kusintha mwambi ndi mwambi ndi cholakwika chimodzi chokha, osati zonse.