Galamala: Mgwirizano wa Mawu ndi Kusankha Chophunzitsa
Inu mukuwerenga mapepala a mayeso a Chichewa a kalasi ya Form 2. Pa mapepala makumi atatu, makumi aŵiri ndi chimodzi ali ndi zolakwika zomwezo zinayi. Zolakwikazo ndi izi:
(a) 'Anthu wa m'mudzi muno ndi wabwino.' (b) 'Nyumba imeneyi ndi yayikulu.' (c) 'Iye ndi ku sukulu tsopano.' (d) 'Ndidzapita ku msonkhano dzulo, koma iye sanapite.'
Mphunzitsi mzake akuti zolakwika (a) ndi (b) ndi zazing'ono chifukwa owerenga amamvetsetsa, ndipo ayenera kuphunzitsa za (c) ndi (d) pokha. Inu mukuganiza kuti ndi molondola? Muli ndi mphindi khumi zokha zophunzitsa mawa, ndipo muyenera kusankha chomwe mungaphunzitse. Mukudziwa kuti mayeso a JCE amaika mfundo zambiri pa gawo la chinenero, ndipo zolakwika za mgwirizano (concord) zimawoneka kawiri pa pepala lililonse. Ophunzira ambiri amalephera pakusankha pakati pa 'ndi' ndi 'ali' chifukwa cha chizolowezi cha Chingerezi.
1. Konzani zolakwika zinayizo, ndipo tchulani lamulo la chinenero pa chilichonse.
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(a) Anthu a m'mudzi muno ndi abwino. Lamulo: 'Anthu' ndi gulu 2 (ambiri a 'munthu'), ndipo gulu 2 limagwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano wa 'a-'. Choncho 'wa' (gulu 1/3) ndi wolakwika; 'abwino' ndi lolondola.
(b) Nyumba imeneyi ndi yaikulu. Lamulo: 'Nyumba' ndi gulu 9, ndipo mgwirizano wake ndi 'ya-'. Chifukwa chake 'yayikulu' siyolondola; mawu oyenera ndi 'yaikulu'.
(c) Iye ali ku sukulu tsopano. Lamulo: 'Ndi' ndi mawu ogwirizanitsa dzina ndi dzina ('Iye ndi mphunzitsi'). Akafuna kutchula malo, timagwiritsa ntchito mawu osonyeza kukhala, 'ali' ('ali ku sukulu', 'ali panyumba', 'ali m'nyumba').
(d) Ndinapita ku msonkhano dzulo, koma iye sanapite. Lamulo: 'Dzulo' imafuna nthawi yapita, ndipo chizindikiro chake ndi '-na-' ('ndinapita'). '-dza-' ndi nthawi ya m'tsogolo. Zindikirani kuti 'sanapite' ndi yolondola pa kalasi ya munthu wachitatu; cholakwika chili pa 'ndidzapita' pokha. Mphunzitsi amene amaika chizindikiro pa 'sanapite' akulakwitsa.
2. Ndi zolakwika ziti zomwe muyenera kuphunzitsa mawa, ndipo chifukwa chiyani? Ganizirani za mphindi khumi zokha ndi kufunika kwa kumveka.
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Mphunzitsi mzake akulakwitsa pa mfundo yaikulu: 'owerenga amamvetsetsa' si muyeso wa mayeso. Mayeso amayesa kalembedwe ndi galamala, osati kumvetsa kwa munthu wina.
Kusankha kwa mfundo:
- (a) ndi (b) ndi lamulo limodzi, osati aŵiri: mawu osintha dzina (adjectives, possessives) amatenga mgwirizano wa gulu la dzinalo. Choncho kuphunzitsa tebulo la mgwirizano kamodzi kumakonza zolakwika ziŵiri. Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri chifukwa zikuwoneka pa mapepala 21 pa 30, ndipo zimawoneka kawiri pa pepala lililonse.
- (c) ndi yofunika chifukwa imabwera kuchokera ku chizolowezi cha Chingerezi ('he is at school'), ndipo imabwereza m'mapepala ambiri.
- (d) ndi yolakwika ya munthu mmodzi yekha kapena ochepa.
Dongosolo la mphindi khumi:
- Mphindi 4: tebulo la mgwirizano wa magulu 1/2, 9/10, ndi 7/8 ndi mawu 'bwino' ndi 'kulu'.
- Mphindi 3: 'ndi' ndi 'ali' - mawu aŵiri ofanana pa Chingerezi koma osiyana pa Chichewa.
- Mphindi 2: nthawi '-na-' ndi '-dza-' ndi mawu osonyeza nthawi (dzulo, mawa, lero).
- Mphindi 1: ophunzira alemba chiganizo chimodzi pa lamulo lililonse ngati choyesa.
Musaiwale kulamula kuti pa mayeso, cholakwika cha mgwirizano chimatenga mfundo, ngakhale tanthauzo limveke.
3. Perekani chitsanzo chimodzi choyenera cha mgwirizano m'magulu atatu: gulu 1/2, gulu 9/10, ndi gulu 7/8.
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Gulu 1/2 (munthu/anthu):
- Mmodzi: 'Mwana wabwino.' 'Munthu wamkulu.'
- Ambiri: 'Ana abwino.' 'Anthu aakulu.'
Zindikirani kuti mgwirizano umasintha kuchoka pa 'wa-' kupita pa 'a-', ndipo chiganizo chimagwirizana ndi dzina losankhidwa.
Gulu 9/10 (nyumba/nyumba):
- Mmodzi: 'Nyumba yabwino.' 'Nyumba yaikulu.'
- Ambiri: 'Nyumba zabwino.' 'Nyumba zazikulu.'
Gulu 9 ndi 10 limagwiritsa ntchito mawu ofanana ('nyumba'), koma mgwirizano umasiyana: 'ya-' pa mmodzi ndi 'za-' pa ambiri.
Gulu 7/8 (chinthu/zinthu):
- Mmodzi: 'Chinthu chabwino.' 'Chinthu chachikulu.'
- Ambiri: 'Zinthu zabwino.' 'Zinthu zazikulu.'
Njira yophunzitsira: pangani tebulo la magawo, ndipo pa gulu lililonse lembani dzina limodzi ndi mawu osintha aŵiri. Kenako ophunzira adzaza mizere yotsala okha. Izi zimapangitsa lamulo kukhala lathupi, osati kukumbukira mwadala.