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ISPON HSE Level 3 study materials
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ISPON HSE Level 3 practice questions

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Question 1Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

Under the International Labour Organization's Occupational Safety and Health Convention (No. 155), which duty falls primarily on the employer?

  1. Purchasing insurance to cover employee medical costs
  2. Ensuring that workplaces, machinery and equipment under their control are safe and without risk to health Correct answer.
  3. Reporting every near miss to the national labour inspectorate within 24 hours
  4. Providing personal protective equipment free of charge to all visitors

Explanation

Convention No. 155 requires employers to ensure that workplaces, machinery, equipment and processes under their control are safe and without risk to health. This is a general duty of prevention rather than a reporting or insurance obligation.

Question 2Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

What is the primary purpose of a permit-to-work system?

  1. To replace the need for a workplace risk assessment
  2. To record employee attendance on site
  3. To control high-risk work through formal authorisation and defined precautions Correct answer.
  4. To document disciplinary action for unsafe behaviour

Explanation

A permit-to-work system formally authorises specific high-risk tasks after confirming that defined precautions are in place. It supplements, but does not replace, the risk assessment and other control measures.

Question 3Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

In the hierarchy of control, which measure is considered the most effective at reducing risk?

  1. Issuing personal protective equipment
  2. Displaying warning signs
  3. Providing safety training
  4. Eliminating the hazard Correct answer.

Explanation

The hierarchy of control ranks elimination of the hazard as the most reliable measure because the risk is removed entirely. Administrative measures, signs and PPE sit lower because they depend on human behaviour and equipment performance.

Question 4Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

Which document typically sets out an organisation's overall intentions and direction on health and safety?

  1. The incident investigation report
  2. The material safety data sheet
  3. The maintenance log
  4. The health and safety policy Correct answer.

Explanation

A health and safety policy states the organisation's overall intentions, commitment and arrangements for managing health and safety. Other documents support implementation but do not set the top-level direction.

Question 5Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

Which of the following best describes a 'competent person' in health and safety practice?

  1. A person who holds a university degree in any discipline
  2. Any employee who has worked on site for more than five years
  3. A contractor appointed by the client for the duration of a project
  4. A person with sufficient training, experience and knowledge to perform the task safely Correct answer.

Explanation

Competence combines sufficient training, experience and knowledge relevant to the task. It is judged against the demands of the specific work, not against tenure or general academic qualifications.

Question 6Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

What is the main objective of a health and safety management system such as ISO 45001?

  1. To guarantee the elimination of all workplace incidents
  2. To replace legal duties with voluntary standards
  3. To satisfy insurance requirements only
  4. To provide a structured framework for managing health and safety risks and improving performance Correct answer.

Explanation

ISO 45001 provides a structured framework for managing risks and opportunities and for continual improvement of health and safety performance. It does not eliminate all incidents, nor does it override legal obligations.

Question 7Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

Which of these is a leading (proactive) indicator of health and safety performance?

  1. The severity rate of past accidents
  2. The number of compensation claims paid
  3. The number of completed safety inspections this quarter Correct answer.
  4. The number of lost-time injuries recorded last year

Explanation

Leading indicators measure preventive activities, such as inspections, training or audits, that predict future performance. Injury counts, severity rates and claims are lagging indicators reflecting outcomes already realised.

Question 8Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

What does the term 'duty of care' generally require of an employer?

  1. To delegate all safety responsibilities to external consultants
  2. To guarantee that no worker is ever exposed to any hazard
  3. To take reasonable steps to protect the health and safety of workers and others affected by the undertaking Correct answer.
  4. To pay for all medical treatment of workers regardless of cause

Explanation

Duty of care requires reasonable and practicable steps to protect workers and others affected by the work. It is a standard of reasonableness, not an absolute guarantee against harm.

Question 9Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

A worker is asked to work at height using a ladder for a task lasting several hours. Applying the hierarchy of control, what should the supervisor consider first?

  1. Can the task be done without working at height at all Correct answer.
  2. Scheduling the task for daytime only
  3. Providing a safety harness and lanyard
  4. Adding warning signage around the ladder

Explanation

The hierarchy of control begins with eliminating the hazard, so the first question is whether the work can be done from ground level. Only if elimination is not possible should fall protection or administrative measures be considered.

Question 10Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

A chemical store contains flammable liquids. Which combination of controls best reflects good practice?

  1. Storing the liquids near an ignition source and relying on staff vigilance
  2. Storing the liquids in unmarked plastic containers in a general storeroom
  3. Keeping the liquids in open trays and issuing gloves to handlers
  4. Using a bunded, ventilated cabinet with ignition control and clear labelling Correct answer.

Explanation

Flammable liquids require containment, ventilation, ignition control and clear identification to prevent fire and exposure. Engineering controls such as bunded cabinets with ventilation rank above reliance on vigilance or PPE alone.

Question 11Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

During an audit, a safety officer finds that an emergency exit is blocked by stored materials. Which action is most appropriate under typical legal duties?

  1. Post a notice asking staff to keep the exit clear
  2. Record the finding in the next quarterly report and continue
  3. Reduce the number of staff working in that area
  4. Clear the obstruction immediately and record the corrective action Correct answer.

Explanation

Blocked escape routes create immediate risk, so the obstruction should be removed at once and the corrective action documented. Immediate action is required for imminent hazards rather than deferral.

Question 12Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

An employer introduces a new machine. Which legal obligation is most likely to apply before it is put into service?

  1. Requiring operators to sign a waiver accepting the risk
  2. Relying on the manufacturer's manual without further assessment
  3. Providing a risk assessment and ensuring adequate guarding and information Correct answer.
  4. Waiting until an accident occurs to review safety

Explanation

Before new equipment is used, employers must assess the risks it introduces and ensure suitable guarding, information and training are in place. Reliance on a manual alone or on worker waivers does not discharge this duty.

Question 13Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

A site has a mix of employees and contractors working in a confined space. Who should coordinate the permit and rescue arrangements?

  1. The equipment supplier
  2. The host organisation, coordinating with the contractor Correct answer.
  3. Each worker individually
  4. The contractor alone, since they perform the task

Explanation

Where multiple parties work on the same site, the host organisation must coordinate with contractors to ensure a single, coherent set of controls including permits and rescue plans. Coordination prevents conflicting or missing arrangements.

Question 14Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

A worker reports a near miss involving a falling object. What is the most appropriate first response under a sound reporting system?

  1. Wait to see if a similar event occurs before acting
  2. Take no action because no one was injured
  3. Discipline the worker for reporting a non-injury event
  4. Record and investigate the near miss to identify and correct the cause Correct answer.

Explanation

Near misses are free lessons; recording and investigating them allows underlying causes to be corrected before harm occurs. Inaction or discouraging reports removes a valuable preventive opportunity.

Question 15Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

What is the key purpose of a statutory inspection by a regulator?

  1. To verify compliance with legal requirements and secure improvements where needed Correct answer.
  2. To replace the employer's internal audit programme
  3. To certify individual workers as competent
  4. To help the employer reduce insurance premiums

Explanation

Regulatory inspections verify compliance with legal duties and can lead to enforcement action or advice to secure improvement. They do not certify individual workers or substitute for internal audits.

Question 16Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

A risk assessment identifies a hazard with a high likelihood and severe consequence. Which response is most consistent with 'reasonably practicable' principles?

  1. Rely on workers to be careful
  2. Defer action until the next budget cycle
  3. Implement the highest-ranked feasible controls and document the justification Correct answer.
  4. Ignore the risk because the control cost is high

Explanation

Reasonably practicable requires weighing risk against the cost and effort of control, so the highest feasible controls should be applied and the decision documented. Cost alone rarely justifies leaving a serious risk uncontrolled.

Question 17Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

Which of the following is the most reliable way to confirm that workers understand a new safe work procedure?

  1. Observing workers applying the procedure and correcting gaps Correct answer.
  2. Publishing the procedure on the company intranet
  3. Asking workers to sign an attendance sheet
  4. Sending the procedure by email to all staff

Explanation

Understanding is demonstrated through practical application, so observation and correction confirm that the procedure has been learned. Distribution and attendance records only show that information was provided.

Question 18Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

What is the primary function of a safety data sheet (SDS) for a hazardous substance?

  1. To certify that the substance is safe for use
  2. To communicate hazard, handling, storage and emergency information Correct answer.
  3. To record the purchase price of the chemical
  4. To provide instructions for using the substance in a specific process

Explanation

An SDS communicates the hazards of a substance and the precautions for safe handling, storage, exposure control and emergencies. It does not certify safety or prescribe process-specific operating instructions.

Question 19Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

An organisation wants to demonstrate continual improvement in health and safety. Which approach best supports this?

  1. Relying on incident statistics alone
  2. Conducting a single audit at the start of the year
  3. Setting measurable objectives, monitoring them and reviewing performance periodically Correct answer.
  4. Replacing all safety staff with automated software

Explanation

Continual improvement requires measurable objectives, monitoring and periodic management review so that performance gaps are identified and addressed. A one-off audit or reliance on outcomes alone does not sustain improvement.

Question 20Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

A regulator issues an improvement notice. What does this typically require?

  1. Immediate cessation of all site operations
  2. Remedial action to correct a legal contravention within a stated period Correct answer.
  3. Payment of a fixed fine within seven days
  4. Permanent closure of the business

Explanation

An improvement notice requires the recipient to remedy a contravention, or the risk of one, within a specified period. It differs from a prohibition notice, which halts specified activities.

Question 21Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

Which factor most directly determines whether a risk is 'significant' and requires formal assessment?

  1. The cost of the control measures
  2. The seniority of the person doing the task
  3. The number of pages in the safety manual
  4. The combination of likelihood of harm and severity of the outcome Correct answer.

Explanation

Significance is judged from the likelihood of harm and the severity of its consequences, which together define the level of risk. Manual length, seniority or control cost do not define risk level.

Question 22Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

Two employers share a workplace and each controls part of the work. What does good practice require regarding health and safety duties?

  1. Each employer assumes the other has covered all risks
  2. Only the larger employer holds any duty
  3. They cooperate and share relevant information to ensure all workers are protected Correct answer.
  4. Duties are suspended where control is shared

Explanation

Where duties are shared, employers must cooperate and exchange information so that all affected workers are protected. Assumed coverage by another party leaves gaps in control.

Question 23Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

A manager argues that providing PPE means the hazard no longer needs to be controlled at source. How should this be evaluated?

  1. The argument is sound only if the PPE is expensive
  2. The argument is flawed because PPE is a last line of defence and does not remove the hazard Correct answer.
  3. The argument is sound because PPE is a legal requirement
  4. The argument is flawed only when workers object

Explanation

PPE protects the individual but leaves the hazard in place and depends on correct use, so it is a last line of defence. The hierarchy requires controlling the hazard at source where reasonably practicable.

Question 24Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

An investigation finds that a serious incident resulted from several small failures aligning rather than one obvious cause. Which model best explains this?

  1. The cost-benefit model
  2. The single-cause domino theory
  3. The behaviour-based safety model
  4. The Swiss cheese model of defence layers Correct answer.

Explanation

The Swiss cheese model describes how aligned weaknesses in multiple defensive layers allow an incident to occur. It explains multi-factorial causation better than a single-cause model.

Question 25Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

A company claims it has met its legal duty because it has a written policy signed by the chief executive. What is the most accurate assessment?

  1. The duty is not met because a policy must be implemented and resourced in practice Correct answer.
  2. The duty is fully met because a signed policy is the only requirement
  3. The duty is met only if the policy is longer than ten pages
  4. The duty is met because the chief executive is legally liable personally

Explanation

A policy is only the starting point; legal duties require that arrangements are implemented, resourced and monitored in practice. A signed document without effective implementation does not discharge the duty.

Question 26Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

Under a typical occupational health and safety statute, which party holds the primary general duty to ensure the health and safety of workers so far as is reasonably practicable?

  1. The equipment supplier who sold the machinery
  2. The external safety consultant retained by the firm
  3. The employer or person conducting the business Correct answer.
  4. The individual worker performing the task

Explanation

Health and safety statutes generally place the overarching general duty on the employer, or the person conducting the undertaking, because that party controls the workplace and the work. Other parties hold narrower duties that support, but do not replace, this primary obligation.

Question 27Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

What is the main purpose of requiring employers to consult with workers on health and safety matters?

  1. To reduce the number of documented risk assessments needed
  2. To draw on workers' practical knowledge and secure commitment to controls Correct answer.
  3. To transfer legal liability for hazards to the workforce
  4. To allow the employer to postpone implementing safety measures

Explanation

Consultation legislation exists so that the people who do the work can contribute their knowledge of actual risks and so that agreed controls are understood and owned. It complements, rather than replaces, the employer's duty to manage risk.

Question 28Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

A regulator's inspector arrives without an appointment and asks to examine the workplace and interview staff. Which statement best reflects the inspector's typical statutory powers?

  1. Entry is permitted but staff interviews require a warrant in every case
  2. Inspectors may enter, inspect and question persons as the legislation provides Correct answer.
  3. Entry is allowed only with the employer's written consent
  4. Inspectors may only review documents that the employer chooses to release

Explanation

Inspection regimes normally grant inspectors powers to enter premises at reasonable times, examine conditions, take samples and question people, subject to the specific terms of the legislation. These powers are intended to allow independent verification of compliance rather than relying on employer consent.

Question 29Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

A new substance is brought on site and the supplier's safety data sheet lists a workplace exposure limit. What does this limit most directly represent?

  1. The minimum PPE grade required for any handling task
  2. The concentration in air that should not normally be exceeded over a defined reference period Correct answer.
  3. The temperature above which the substance becomes unstable
  4. The maximum quantity that may be stored in one room

Explanation

A workplace exposure limit sets a concentration in the air, usually averaged over a stated reference period, that should not normally be exceeded when workers are exposed by inhalation. It informs the selection of controls such as ventilation and respiratory protection.

Question 30Health and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Standards

An employer argues that because a recognised standard such as ISO 45001 is not itself a statute, adopting it has no bearing on legal compliance. How should this be assessed?

  1. The argument is unsound, because voluntary standards often help demonstrate that legal duties are being met Correct answer.
  2. The argument is sound, since standards and legislation operate in entirely separate spheres
  3. The argument is unsound, because certification automatically discharges all statutory duties
  4. The argument is sound, because certification replaces any need for legal review

Explanation

Voluntary management system standards are not law, but they typically require identification of legal requirements and a process for meeting them, so conformity can support evidence of compliance. Certification is not a legal defence in itself and does not displace statutory duties.

Question 31Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

In the hierarchy of risk control, which measure is considered the most effective?

  1. Issuing personal protective equipment
  2. Eliminating the hazard entirely Correct answer.
  3. Placing warning signage
  4. Providing manual handling training

Explanation

The hierarchy of control ranks measures by reliability, and elimination removes the hazard so that no residual risk remains. Administrative measures and PPE sit near the bottom because they depend on human behaviour and only reduce exposure.

Question 32Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

What does a risk assessment matrix typically plot against each other?

  1. Likelihood of harm and severity of harm Correct answer.
  2. Training records and incident reports
  3. Cost of controls and frequency of audits
  4. Number of workers and hours worked

Explanation

A risk matrix combines the likelihood that a hazardous event occurs with the severity of the consequence to produce a risk rating. The rating then guides the priority and type of control required.

Question 33Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

A worker notices a frayed electrical cable on a portable grinder. Under a typical hazard reporting system, what should the worker do first?

  1. Move the grinder to another work area
  2. Stop using the tool and report the defect Correct answer.
  3. Repair the cable personally with insulation tape
  4. Continue using the tool until the shift ends

Explanation

The immediate response to an unsafe condition is to stop the task and remove the item from use, then report it so it can be isolated and repaired by a competent person. Continuing use or informal repair leaves the hazard in service.

Question 34Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

Which of the following is best classified as a physical hazard?

  1. Bullying by a supervisor
  2. Unclear reporting lines
  3. High noise levels from machinery Correct answer.
  4. Poorly written work procedures

Explanation

Physical hazards are sources of energy or environmental conditions that can harm the body, such as noise, vibration, heat and radiation. Noise damages hearing through prolonged energy exposure.

Question 35Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

A residual risk is best described as the risk that:

  1. exists before any controls are applied
  2. is created by the risk assessment itself
  3. remains after controls have been implemented Correct answer.
  4. applies only to contractors on site

Explanation

Residual risk is what remains once the chosen controls are in place, and it must be judged acceptable before work proceeds. The uncontrolled starting position is the raw or inherent risk.

Question 36Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

Which document records a step-by-step method for safely carrying out a high-risk task?

  1. A method statement Correct answer.
  2. An incident register
  3. A material safety data sheet
  4. A toolbox talk attendance sheet

Explanation

A method statement sets out the sequence of work and the controls to be applied at each stage for a defined task. It complements the risk assessment by describing how the work is actually done safely.

Question 37Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

What is the primary purpose of a workplace inspection?

  1. To satisfy insurers with paperwork
  2. To allocate blame for past incidents
  3. To identify hazards and check that controls remain effective Correct answer.
  4. To rank workers by safety performance

Explanation

Inspections are proactive checks that detect unsafe conditions and confirm that existing controls still work as intended. Their output feeds the risk assessment and corrective action process.

Question 38Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

Which of the following is an example of an unsafe act rather than an unsafe condition?

  1. Missing handrail on a stairway
  2. An unguarded rotating shaft
  3. Oil spilled on a walkway
  4. Standing under a suspended load Correct answer.

Explanation

Unsafe acts are behaviours that create or increase risk, whereas unsafe conditions are physical states of the workplace. Standing beneath a suspended load is a behavioural choice by the person.

Question 39Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

When applying the hierarchy of control, which option ranks above administrative controls but below engineering controls?

  1. Substitution Correct answer.
  2. Elimination
  3. Emergency procedures
  4. PPE

Explanation

Substitution replaces a hazard with something less hazardous and sits high in the hierarchy, above administrative controls and PPE but below elimination. Engineering controls such as guarding or ventilation rank below substitution.

Question 40Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

A task has a severity rating of 4 (major injury) and a likelihood rating of 2 (unlikely) on a 5x5 matrix. What is the risk score?

  1. 16
  2. 6
  3. 2
  4. 8 Correct answer.

Explanation

Risk score is the product of likelihood and severity, so 4 multiplied by 2 gives 8. The score is then read against the matrix bands to decide the required action.

Question 41Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

Which of the following best describes an ALARP judgement?

  1. Risk has been reduced as far as is reasonably practicable Correct answer.
  2. Risk has been reduced to zero
  3. Risk has been transferred to a contractor
  4. Risk has been accepted without any controls

Explanation

ALARP means further risk reduction has been weighed against the cost, time and difficulty of achieving it, and no reasonably practicable improvement remains. It does not require zero risk.

Question 42Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

During a risk assessment, a team identifies a hazard but cannot decide the exact probability of harm. What is the most appropriate course of action?

  1. Ignore the hazard until an incident occurs
  2. Exclude the hazard from the register
  3. Assign the lowest possible risk rating
  4. Record the uncertainty and apply precautionary controls Correct answer.

Explanation

Where knowledge is incomplete, the precautionary approach is to record the uncertainty and apply controls proportionate to the potential severity. Understating risk without justification is not acceptable.

Question 43Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

Which control measure is an example of an engineering control?

  1. Requiring hearing protection
  2. Installing local exhaust ventilation Correct answer.
  3. Posting a hazard warning sign
  4. Rotating staff to limit exposure time

Explanation

Engineering controls modify the plant, process or environment itself, such as ventilation that removes airborne contaminants at source. They protect workers without relying on individual behaviour.

Question 44Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

A risk assessment should be reviewed when:

  1. only when an inspector requests it
  2. at fixed intervals and whenever there is a significant change Correct answer.
  3. only when a new manager is appointed
  4. only after a serious injury occurs

Explanation

Assessments are living documents that must be reviewed on a planned schedule and whenever work methods, equipment, personnel or legislation change significantly. Incidents and near misses also trigger review.

Question 45Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

A worker is exposed to a hazardous chemical that has a workplace exposure limit. Which combination best controls the exposure?

  1. Respiratory PPE alone
  2. Enclosure plus local exhaust ventilation, with PPE as a last resort Correct answer.
  3. Annual training on chemical handling
  4. A warning sign at the entrance

Explanation

The hierarchy requires controlling exposure at source through engineering means such as enclosure and ventilation before relying on PPE. PPE is added only for residual exposure that cannot otherwise be controlled.

Question 46Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

Which of the following is a dynamic risk assessment?

  1. A legal register maintained by the safety officer
  2. A formal assessment completed annually in the office
  3. A continuous judgement of changing conditions while work proceeds Correct answer.
  4. A review of incident statistics by management

Explanation

Dynamic assessment is the ongoing mental evaluation a worker makes as conditions change during a task. It supplements, but does not replace, the documented formal assessment.

Question 47Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

A task is assessed as high risk with a severity that could cause a fatality. Which action is most appropriate before work begins?

  1. Delegate the decision to the newest worker
  2. Require a permit-to-work and senior authorisation Correct answer.
  3. Rely on the existing generic assessment
  4. Proceed with verbal warnings to the crew

Explanation

High-severity tasks demand formal controls such as a permit-to-work, defined precautions and authorisation by a competent senior person. This ensures controls are verified before exposure occurs.

Question 48Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

Which statement correctly distinguishes hazard from risk?

  1. Hazard and risk are interchangeable terms
  2. A hazard is the source of potential harm; risk is the likelihood and severity of harm Correct answer.
  3. Risk exists only when a hazard has caused injury
  4. A hazard is the chance of harm; risk is the source of harm

Explanation

A hazard is anything with the potential to cause harm, while risk expresses how likely and how severe that harm would be. The distinction matters because a hazard can exist with very low risk if exposure is controlled.

Question 49Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

In a bow-tie risk model, what do the left and right sides represent?

  1. Causes leading to the event, and consequences following it Correct answer.
  2. Legal duties and penalties
  3. Likelihood and severity axes
  4. Costs and benefits of controls

Explanation

The bow-tie diagram places the top event at the centre, with threats and preventive barriers on the left and consequences with mitigating barriers on the right. It separates prevention from recovery.

Question 50Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

Why is PPE considered the least effective control in the hierarchy?

  1. It cannot be provided in most workplaces
  2. Its performance depends on correct selection, fit and consistent human use Correct answer.
  3. It is prohibited by safety legislation
  4. It is always the most expensive option

Explanation

PPE only works when it is correctly selected for the hazard, fits the wearer and is worn properly at all times, so its effectiveness is highly dependent on human factors. Engineering and elimination controls do not rely on that behaviour.