Skin Care and Facial Treatments
Skin structure and consultation
The skin has three main layers: the epidermis (stratum corneum barrier), the dermis (collagen and elastin), and the hypodermis. Skin surface pH is about 4.5–5.5. The Fitzpatrick scale (I–VI) estimates sun sensitivity and guides treatment intensity. Identify skin type - normal, dry, oily, combination, sensitive - and note contraindications before any facial.
Facial protocol and exfoliation
A professional facial follows consultation, cleansing, exfoliation, extractions (sterile and limited), massage, mask, moisturizer, and SPF. Enzyme exfoliants such as papain and bromelain digest dead keratin; chemical peels (glycolic AHA, salicylic BHA) require controlled pH and timing. Avoid aggressive scrubs on active acne, rosacea, or broken skin. Pregnancy and retinoid use are contraindications for certain acids.
Worked example
A client has oily skin with closed comedones and no inflammation. Reasoning: choose a salicylic cleanser and gentle enzyme exfoliation rather than a harsh scrub; do not extract inflamed lesions; finish with a non-comedogenic moisturizer and SPF. Salicylic acid is oil-soluble and penetrates follicles, while enzymes reduce mechanical irritation.
Traps that cost marks
- Over-exfoliating or combining scrub and acid in one session.
- Applying hot steam to rosacea or sensitive skin.
- Extracting inflamed lesions, risking scarring and infection.
- Ignoring medication or pregnancy status during consultation.