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NCAA AME Basic Air Law study materials
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NCAA AME Basic Air Law practice questions

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Question 1Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

Which body is the civil aviation safety and economic regulator in Nigeria under the Civil Aviation Act?

  1. Nigerian Safety Investigation Bureau
  2. Nigerian Airspace Management Agency
  3. Nigerian Meteorological Agency
  4. Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority Correct answer.

Explanation

The Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority administers the Act's regulatory functions, including personnel licensing, airworthiness and operator certification. NAMA provides air navigation services, the NSIB investigates accidents, and NiMet provides meteorological services; none of those bodies is the civil aviation regulator.

Question 2Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

Which agency is responsible for the independent investigation of civil aviation accidents and serious incidents in Nigeria?

  1. Nigerian Safety Investigation Bureau Correct answer.
  2. Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority
  3. Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria
  4. Nigerian Airspace Management Agency

Explanation

The Nigerian Safety Investigation Bureau conducts safety investigations to determine causes and make recommendations, and it is separate from the NCAA's regulatory enforcement role. The NCAA may use the findings for safety action, but it does not carry out the independent accident investigation.

Question 3Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

An aircraft maintenance engineer licence permitting certification of maintenance on Nigerian-registered aircraft is issued by which organisation?

  1. Nigerian College of Aviation Technology
  2. Nigerian Airspace Management Agency
  3. Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority Correct answer.
  4. The employing airline's quality department

Explanation

Personnel licensing is a core NCAA regulatory function under the Civil Aviation Act and the Nigerian Civil Aviation Regulations. NCAT provides training but does not issue regulatory licences, and an airline quality department may authorise company tasks but cannot issue the AME licence itself.

Question 4Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

Which set of instruments contains the detailed Nigerian technical requirements for maintenance, operations and personnel licensing issued under the Civil Aviation Act?

  1. ICAO Annexes 1 to 19, as published by ICAO
  2. NCAA annual safety report
  3. Nigerian Civil Aviation Regulations (NCARs) Correct answer.
  4. Airline maintenance control manual

Explanation

The Act establishes the regulatory framework and the NCAA issues the NCARs, which contain the binding detailed national requirements. ICAO Annexes are international standards that Nigeria implements through national regulations, while an operator's manual is company-specific guidance.

Question 5Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

An NCAA inspector finds an AME signing maintenance releases beyond the ratings on the licence. Which response is most consistent with the NCAA's regulatory powers?

  1. The NCAA may suspend or revoke the licence and take enforcement action Correct answer.
  2. The NSIB must issue the suspension because it investigates accidents
  3. Only a court can suspend the licence
  4. The airline's quality manager must revoke the licence

Explanation

The NCAA has enforcement powers over the certificates and licences it issues, including suspension, revocation and other sanctions for non-compliance. A court may impose criminal penalties, but that does not replace the regulator's administrative action, and neither the employer nor the NSIB can revoke an NCAA licence.

Question 6Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

Which statement correctly distinguishes the roles of the NCAA and NAMA?

  1. The NCAA provides air traffic control, while NAMA enforces maintenance regulations
  2. NAMA issues AME licences, while the NCAA operates navigation aids
  3. Both bodies are service providers with no regulatory functions
  4. The NCAA regulates safety and economic matters, while NAMA provides air navigation services Correct answer.

Explanation

The Civil Aviation Act separates regulation from service provision: the NCAA sets and enforces regulatory requirements, and NAMA operates air navigation infrastructure and services. NAMA does not license engineers, and the NCAA does not provide air traffic control.

Question 7Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

Nigeria's NCAA implements safety oversight primarily by applying which international framework?

  1. ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices under the Chicago Convention Correct answer.
  2. European Union EASA Basic Regulation
  3. IATA operational resolutions
  4. United States Federal Aviation Regulations

Explanation

As an ICAO contracting state, Nigeria uses ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices, particularly the Annexes, as the baseline and implements them through the Civil Aviation Act and the NCARs. IATA resolutions are industry standards, and EASA or FAA rules apply in their own jurisdictions unless expressly incorporated.

Question 8Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

Under the NCAA regulatory framework, which entity is responsible for establishing and maintaining Nigeria's State Safety Programme (SSP)?

  1. Each approved maintenance organisation
  2. The Nigerian Safety Investigation Bureau
  3. Each individual airline
  4. The Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority Correct answer.

Explanation

The State Safety Programme is the state-level safety management framework, and the civil aviation authority establishes and maintains it on behalf of the state. Individual operators and maintenance organisations maintain their own Safety Management Systems under that programme.

Question 9Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

Which statement best describes the legal status of ICAO Annexes in Nigerian domestic law?

  1. They apply only to foreign-registered aircraft operating in Nigeria
  2. They automatically override inconsistent provisions of the Civil Aviation Act
  3. They are directly enforceable in Nigerian courts without any national implementing instrument
  4. They are implemented through the Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulations and are not self-executing Correct answer.

Explanation

ICAO Annexes are international standards, and a contracting state gives them domestic legal effect through legislation and regulations. Nigeria implements them through the Civil Aviation Act and the NCARs, so an Annex provision is not enforced in court as a standalone statute.

Question 10Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

An AME discovers a defect that could affect flight safety but is not an accident or serious incident. Under the Nigerian regulatory framework, the defect should normally be reported to which body?

  1. The airline's insurers, because they handle safety reporting
  2. The Nigerian Airspace Management Agency, because it provides air traffic services
  3. The Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority, under the mandatory occurrence reporting requirements Correct answer.
  4. The Nigerian Safety Investigation Bureau, because all defects are investigated

Explanation

Mandatory occurrence reporting feeds the NCAA's safety oversight system, while accidents and serious incidents go to the NSIB for independent investigation. NAMA and insurers do not administer the regulatory occurrence reporting system.

Question 11Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

Which official record does the NCAA maintain to establish the nationality and registration of aircraft operating in Nigeria's civil aviation system?

  1. The Air Operator Certificate register
  2. The Approved Maintenance Organisation log
  3. The Nigerian Aircraft Register Correct answer.
  4. The State Safety Programme database

Explanation

The Civil Aviation Act requires a national register of aircraft, and the NCAA maintains the Nigerian Aircraft Register. It records nationality, registration marks and ownership details; operational certificates and safety-programme records serve different purposes.

Question 12Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

An aircraft on the Nigerian register is presented for commercial air transport. Which document issued by the NCAA certifies that the aircraft conforms to its approved type design and is considered airworthy?

  1. The Certificate of Registration
  2. The Maintenance Release Certificate
  3. The Certificate of Airworthiness Correct answer.
  4. The Air Operator Certificate

Explanation

The Certificate of Airworthiness is issued after the NCAA is satisfied that the aircraft conforms to its approved type design and is airworthy. Registration identifies nationality, while the Air Operator Certificate authorises the operator rather than the aircraft.

Question 13Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

Under the NCAA aircraft maintenance engineer licensing scheme, which licence category primarily covers certification of avionics and electrical systems?

  1. Category B2 Correct answer.
  2. Category C
  3. Category B1
  4. Category A

Explanation

In the NCAA AME licensing scheme, Category B2 covers avionics and electrical systems. Category B1 is mechanical, Category A is limited line maintenance and Category C is base maintenance certification.

Question 14Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

An organisation seeks NCAA approval under NCAR Part 145 to perform base maintenance. Which document must it submit to describe its scope of work, procedures and quality system?

  1. The Minimum Equipment List
  2. The Technical Log
  3. The operator's Aircraft Maintenance Programme
  4. The Maintenance Organisation Exposition Correct answer.

Explanation

NCAR Part 145 requires an approved maintenance organisation to maintain a Maintenance Organisation Exposition describing its scope, procedures and quality system. The NCAA approves the exposition as part of the organisation's approval.

Question 15Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

An NCAA airworthiness directive requires repetitive inspections of a component within 50 flight hours. The operator's aircraft has exceeded that limit, but the Certificate of Airworthiness has not yet been formally suspended. What is the correct legal position?

  1. The aircraft must not fly until the directive is complied with or relief is approved Correct answer.
  2. The aircraft may fly only if the inspection is scheduled within the next ten flight hours
  3. The aircraft may fly because the Certificate of Airworthiness remains displayed in the cockpit and has not been suspended
  4. The aircraft may fly if the pilot records the overdue inspection in the technical log

Explanation

Airworthiness directives are mandatory, and non-compliance makes the aircraft unairworthy even if the certificate has not yet been formally suspended. Flight is permitted only after compliance or an NCAA-approved alternative or relief.

Question 16Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

Under the Nigerian Civil Aviation Act framework, which function is exercised by the Minister responsible for aviation rather than by the NCAA?

  1. Conducting inspections of approved maintenance organisations
  2. Giving general policy directions to the civil aviation regulatory body Correct answer.
  3. Processing applications for aircraft maintenance engineer licences
  4. Issuing airworthiness directives to correct unsafe conditions on Nigerian-registered aircraft

Explanation

The Minister responsible for aviation provides general policy direction, while the NCAA exercises technical regulation, certification, inspection and enforcement. Issuing airworthiness directives and processing licences are NCAA functions.

Question 17Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

An approved maintenance organisation under NCAR Part 145 completes a repair on a Nigerian-registered aircraft. Which condition must be met before it issues a Certificate of Release to Service?

  1. The repair must be carried out at a location outside Nigerian airspace
  2. The aircraft owner's pilot must personally inspect the completed repair before release
  3. The organisation must also hold a valid Air Operator Certificate issued by the NCAA
  4. The work must fall within the organisation's approved ratings and use approved data Correct answer.

Explanation

A Part 145 organisation may issue a Certificate of Release to Service only for work covered by its approved ratings, using approved data and procedures. Holding an AOC is an operator requirement, not a condition for maintenance release.

Question 18Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

A Nigerian operator leases an aircraft and schedules maintenance at an approved organisation. Who remains responsible for ensuring the aircraft's continuing airworthiness between maintenance visits under NCAR Part M?

  1. The aircraft manufacturer's local distributor, because it supplies spare parts
  2. The AME who last signed the maintenance release for the aircraft
  3. The operator, through its continuing airworthiness management arrangements Correct answer.
  4. The approved maintenance organisation alone, because it performs the scheduled work

Explanation

Under continuing airworthiness requirements, the operator remains responsible for managing the aircraft's airworthiness, including maintenance due and defect control. The approved maintenance organisation performs the work but does not assume the operator's overall responsibility.

Question 19Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

A Nigerian-registered aircraft is dry-leased to an operator based in another State and will be flown entirely outside Nigeria. Which statement best describes the NCAA's continuing airworthiness oversight?

  1. The aircraft must be removed from the Nigerian register before any foreign flight is made
  2. The foreign State's regulator assumes sole responsibility for the Nigerian Certificate of Airworthiness
  3. Nigerian continuing airworthiness requirements and NCAA oversight continue to apply Correct answer.
  4. NCAA oversight ends once the aircraft leaves Nigerian airspace for a foreign lease

Explanation

Registration determines the State of Registry, which retains responsibility for continuing airworthiness oversight. A foreign State may validate the certificate or impose additional requirements for operations in its territory, but it does not displace NCAA oversight.

Question 20Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

NCAA suspends an aircraft's Certificate of Airworthiness after an unresolved airworthiness directive. The operator wants to fly the aircraft without passengers to a maintenance base for corrective work. What is the correct regulatory position?

  1. It may proceed provided the aircraft remains within Nigerian airspace
  2. It is permitted because the flight is not commercial air transport and carries no passengers
  3. It requires an NCAA special flight permit before it may proceed Correct answer.
  4. It may proceed once the chief engineer signs a maintenance release for the ferry

Explanation

When a Certificate of Airworthiness is suspended or invalid, flight is prohibited unless the NCAA grants a special flight permit or equivalent authorisation. A ferry flight without passengers still requires that authorisation.

Question 21Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

Which instrument is the principal legislation that governs civil aviation in Nigeria and establishes the Nigeria Civil Aviation Authority?

  1. The Nigerian Civil Aviation Regulations (NCARs)
  2. The Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention)
  3. The Nigerian Safety Investigation Bureau Act 2022
  4. The Civil Aviation Act 2022 Correct answer.

Explanation

The Civil Aviation Act 2022 is the principal statute: it repealed the 2006 Act, established the NCAA and empowers it to make subsidiary regulations. The NCARs are subsidiary legislation made under that Act, while the Chicago Convention binds Nigeria internationally and takes domestic effect through the Act.

Question 22Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

The NCAA publishes material that explains acceptable means of compliance but does not itself impose a mandatory requirement. Which NCAA instrument is described?

  1. An Airworthiness Directive
  2. A Nigerian Civil Aviation Regulation (NCAR) Part
  3. A NOTAM issued for a route or aerodrome
  4. An Advisory Circular Correct answer.

Explanation

Advisory Circulars set out guidance, acceptable means of compliance and explanatory material, and an operator may show compliance by other means acceptable to the NCAA. Airworthiness Directives and NCAR Parts are mandatory instruments, so they are not guidance.

Question 23Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

The NCAA is constituted as a body corporate. Which legal consequence follows from that status?

  1. It may act only through the Federal Ministry of Aviation, which holds all property and contracts on its behalf
  2. It can sue and be sued, acquire and hold property, and enter into contracts in its own name Correct answer.
  3. It is immune from civil proceedings in Nigerian courts because it exercises public regulatory powers
  4. It is a division of the Nigerian Airspace Management Agency and has no separate legal personality

Explanation

As a body corporate the NCAA has a separate legal personality: it can own property, contract and sue or be sued in its own name. That status does not make it a ministry department, nor does it shield its regulatory decisions from challenge in court.

Question 24Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

A Nigerian airline already holds a valid Air Operator Certificate and now plans to launch scheduled domestic passenger services. Which additional NCAA authorisation does it need for the commercial service?

  1. An aerodrome certificate for each destination airport
  2. A Certificate of Airworthiness for every aircraft in the planned fleet
  3. A Part 145 approved maintenance organisation certificate
  4. An Air Transport Licence Correct answer.

Explanation

The AOC is the safety authorisation to conduct commercial air transport, while the economic right to operate scheduled services requires an Air Transport Licence from the NCAA. The two authorisations serve different purposes, and both are needed for scheduled commercial operations.

Question 25Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

A passenger's domestic flight is cancelled by a Nigerian carrier, and the passenger seeks redress over the airline's failure to refund the fare. Which NCAA instrument principally sets the carrier's minimum obligations?

  1. ICAO Annex 13
  2. The NCAA Consumer Protection Regulations Correct answer.
  3. The airline's conditions of carriage alone, since NCAA rules do not address passengers
  4. NCAR Part 145

Explanation

The NCAA Consumer Protection Regulations impose minimum obligations on carriers for delays, cancellations, denied boarding, refunds and baggage, and conditions of carriage cannot undercut them. Part 145 and Annex 13 deal with maintenance organisations and accident investigation respectively, not passenger redress.

Question 26Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

Cargo containing dangerous goods is about to be offered to a Nigerian operator for carriage by air. Who is responsible for classifying, packing, marking, labelling and documenting the goods before they are offered?

  1. The ground handling agency at the departure airport
  2. The NCAA dangerous goods inspector
  3. The aircraft commander
  4. The shipper offering the goods for transport Correct answer.

Explanation

The shipper is responsible for classifying, packing, marking, labelling and documenting dangerous goods before offering them to an operator. The operator must then carry out acceptance checks and use trained staff, as required by NCAR Part 92 and ICAO Annex 18.

Question 27Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

An aerodrome proposes to handle scheduled international commercial air transport. Which approval must the aerodrome operator obtain from the NCAA?

  1. A certificate of registration for the runway surface
  2. An aerodrome certificate issued by the NCAA Correct answer.
  3. An airspace classification approval from NAMA
  4. An air operator certificate issued under NCAR Part 121

Explanation

NCAR Part 139 requires an aerodrome certificate from the NCAA before an aerodrome serves commercial air transport. FAAN may operate the airport and NAMA manages airspace, but neither of those roles substitutes for the NCAA aerodrome certificate.

Question 28Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

An engineer holding a foreign AME licence wants to certify maintenance on a Nigerian-registered aircraft in Nigeria. What is the correct position under the NCAA framework?

  1. The engineer may certify only after the aircraft is exported to the licensing State
  2. The engineer must first obtain an NCAA validation or licence before certifying Correct answer.
  3. The foreign licence is automatically valid in Nigeria because both States are ICAO members
  4. The engineer may certify any Nigerian-registered aircraft provided the licence is printed in English

Explanation

A foreign licence is not automatically effective in Nigeria; the NCAA validates or issues a licence, often with limitations, before the holder may certify Nigerian-registered aircraft. Recognition between ICAO States under Article 33 is conditional and does not displace national licensing requirements.

Question 29Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

A Nigerian-registered aircraft is dry-leased to an operator in another State, and both States want oversight of continuing airworthiness to pass to the operator's State. Which mechanism achieves that transfer?

  1. An endorsement on the Certificate of Airworthiness signed by the lessor
  2. An Article 83 bis agreement between the two States, notified to ICAO Correct answer.
  3. Registration of the lease on the NCAA national aircraft register
  4. A bilateral air services agreement covering the route rights involved

Explanation

Article 83 bis of the Chicago Convention allows the State of Registry to transfer specified oversight functions to the State of the Operator when an aircraft is leased. The agreement must be concluded between the two States and notified to ICAO; a private lease or register entry alone does not achieve the transfer.

Question 30Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

A Nigerian bank finances an aircraft for a Nigerian airline and wants its security interest protected against later creditors. Which statement reflects the framework Nigeria applies?

  1. The NCAA operates the International Registry on behalf of African States and issues priority certificates from Abuja
  2. Nigeria has not adopted the Cape Town Convention, so financiers must rely entirely on domestic mortgage law
  3. Nigeria is a party to the Cape Town Convention and Aircraft Protocol, so international interests are recorded at the International Registry, separate from the NCAA nationality register Correct answer.
  4. Security interests are recorded only on the NCAA national register maintained by the Authority, and they rank according to the date of registration in that register

Explanation

Nigeria is a party to the Cape Town Convention and Aircraft Protocol, so international interests are registered at the International Registry and priority follows that registry. The NCAA national register records nationality and related regulatory particulars, not the priority of security interests.

Question 31Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

Aircraft entered on the Nigerian register carry a nationality mark. Which prefix identifies a Nigerian-registered aircraft?

  1. 9J
  2. 5N Correct answer.
  3. ZN
  4. NA

Explanation

Nigerian aircraft nationality marks use the prefix 5N, followed by the registration letters or digits assigned by the NCAA. The mark shows the State of registry and appears with the registration mark on the aircraft.

Question 32Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

Which body is responsible for conducting independent safety investigations of civil aviation accidents and serious incidents in Nigeria?

  1. The NCAA
  2. The NAMA
  3. The FAAN
  4. The NSIB Correct answer.

Explanation

The Nigerian Safety Investigation Bureau conducts independent investigations of civil aviation accidents and serious incidents. The NCAA is the safety regulator and does not carry out the independent accident investigation function.

Question 33Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

The NCAA issues detailed technical requirements for airworthiness, flight operations and personnel licensing. What is the collective title of those instruments?

  1. The NCAA Enforcement and Compliance Manual
  2. The Aeronautical Information Publication
  3. The Nigerian Civil Aviation Regulations Correct answer.
  4. The Civil Aviation Act

Explanation

The Nigerian Civil Aviation Regulations contain the detailed technical and safety requirements issued under the civil aviation legislation. They are binding on certificate holders and other persons to whom the regulations apply.

Question 34Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

Which organisation provides air traffic control and air navigation services in Nigerian airspace?

  1. The NCAA
  2. The NSIB
  3. The NAMA Correct answer.
  4. The FAAN

Explanation

The Nigerian Airspace Management Agency provides air traffic control and associated air navigation services in Nigerian airspace. The NCAA retains regulatory oversight of those services rather than providing them directly.

Question 35Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

A Nigerian AOC holder wet-leases an aircraft with crew from a foreign operator for scheduled international flights. Who retains operational control of those flights under the NCAA framework?

  1. The foreign operator providing the crew
  2. The registered owner of the aircraft
  3. The NCAA
  4. The Nigerian AOC holder Correct answer.

Explanation

A wet lease does not transfer operational control away from the Nigerian AOC holder that conducts the operation. The Nigerian certificate holder remains responsible for operational control and compliance with its approved procedures.

Question 36Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

An operator wants to comply with an NCAA airworthiness directive by a method different from the one the directive specifies. What must the operator do before adopting the alternative method?

  1. Refer the matter to the NSIB for a ruling
  2. Obtain prior approval from the NCAA Correct answer.
  3. Record the alternative in the maintenance log and proceed
  4. Notify the manufacturer and proceed

Explanation

An alternative means of compliance with an airworthiness directive requires prior acceptance or approval by the NCAA. The operator cannot substitute its own method simply because it considers the method equivalent.

Question 37Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

Under the State Safety Programme framework, which entity is responsible for establishing Nigeria's State Safety Programme?

  1. Each certified aerodrome operator
  2. The NCAA on behalf of the State Correct answer.
  3. Each approved maintenance organisation
  4. Each individual air operator certificate holder

Explanation

The State Safety Programme is the State-level framework for managing aviation safety, established by the civil aviation authority on behalf of the State. Individual operators, maintenance organisations and aerodromes implement safety management systems that support the programme.

Question 38Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

An AME discovers a serious structural defect during maintenance of a Nigerian-registered aircraft. Under NCAA occurrence reporting requirements, to which authority must the defect be reported?

  1. The NCAA Correct answer.
  2. The NAMA
  3. The NSIB only
  4. The manufacturer only

Explanation

Mandatory occurrence reporting under the NCAA framework requires certificate holders and approved personnel to report defects and occurrences to the Authority. The NSIB's separate role concerns investigation of accidents and serious incidents.

Question 39Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

A Nigerian AOC holder contracts a foreign maintenance organisation that holds only its home State's Part 145 approval to perform base maintenance on a Nigerian-registered aircraft. What is the regulatory position before the work can be credited?

  1. The aircraft owner may accept the foreign organisation without further NCAA involvement
  2. The foreign organisation must be approved or accepted by the NCAA for that work Correct answer.
  3. The manufacturer's approval of the foreign organisation is sufficient
  4. The home State's Part 145 approval is automatically valid in Nigeria

Explanation

Maintenance on Nigerian-registered aircraft may be credited only if performed by an organisation acceptable to the NCAA. A foreign Part 145 approval alone does not establish NCAA acceptance; a bilateral arrangement or specific NCAA approval is needed.

Question 40Nigerian Civil Aviation Act and NCAA regulatory framework

An aircraft is sold to a new Nigerian owner. Which set of records should be transferred to preserve the aircraft's continuing airworthiness history?

  1. The insurance certificate and crew licences
  2. The aircraft logbooks and maintenance records Correct answer.
  3. The air operator certificate and operations specifications
  4. The noise certificate and radio station licence

Explanation

Continuing airworthiness depends on a complete maintenance history, so aircraft logbooks and maintenance records transfer with the aircraft on sale. The other documents support particular operations or privileges but do not replace the technical history.

Question 41ICAO Chicago Convention and international air law

Article 1 of the Chicago Convention states the fundamental principle on which the rest of international air law is built. Which statement correctly records that principle?

  1. Airspace above a State's territory is shared equally between the territorial State and the State of registry of each aircraft.
  2. Sovereignty over airspace is held by ICAO and exercised on behalf of all contracting States.
  3. Sovereignty over airspace extends only to the airspace actually used by scheduled international air services.
  4. The contracting States recognise that every State has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory. Correct answer.

Explanation

Article 1 of the Chicago Convention records that the contracting States recognise that every State has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory. Territory includes the territorial sea adjacent to the coast. No other State and no international organisation can exercise sovereign rights in that airspace except with the consent of the State concerned.

Question 42ICAO Chicago Convention and international air law

Under Article 37 of the Chicago Convention, each contracting State undertakes to collaborate in securing uniformity in regulations, standards, procedures and organisation. In what form does ICAO adopt the Standards and Recommended Practices that pursue this aim?

  1. Assembly resolutions
  2. Protocols to the Convention
  3. Regional supplementary procedures
  4. Annexes to the Convention Correct answer.

Explanation

Article 37 commits contracting States to collaborate in securing the highest practicable degree of uniformity in regulations, standards, procedures and organisation in all matters in which uniformity facilitates and improves air navigation. ICAO adopts and amends Standards and Recommended Practices to that end, and Article 37 provides that these are designated as Annexes to the Convention.

Question 43ICAO Chicago Convention and international air law

Article 20 of the Chicago Convention imposes a marking requirement on aircraft engaged in international air navigation. What must such an aircraft bear?

  1. Its appropriate nationality and registration marks Correct answer.
  2. The name of the operator and the destination of its next sector
  3. The national logo of the State in which it is registered
  4. The registration mark of the aerodrome from which it last departed

Explanation

Article 20 requires every aircraft engaged in international air navigation to bear its appropriate nationality and registration marks. Related articles require the marks to be notified to ICAO and displayed in the prescribed manner. The marks identify the State of registry, which is the State responsible for the aircraft's airworthiness and for licensing its crew.

Question 44ICAO Chicago Convention and international air law

An operator wishes to run a scheduled international air service into the territory of a contracting State. Under Article 6 of the Chicago Convention, what is required?

  1. The special permission or other authorisation of that State, with the service operated in accordance with its terms. Correct answer.
  2. Registration of the aircraft in a State that is party to the International Air Services Transit Agreement.
  3. A timetable filed with ICAO at least thirty days before the first flight of the service.
  4. Operation with aircraft seating more than thirty passengers so that the service qualifies as scheduled.

Explanation

Article 6 provides that no scheduled international air service may be operated over or into the territory of a contracting State except with the special permission or other authorisation of that State, and in accordance with the terms of that permission. In practice the permission is given through bilateral air services agreements. Filing with ICAO or aircraft size does not create the right.

Question 45ICAO Chicago Convention and international air law

A non-scheduled flight is planned into the territory of another contracting State. Which statement best reflects the right given by Article 5 of the Chicago Convention?

  1. Entry and transit may be made without prior permission, subject to the State's right to require a landing. Correct answer.
  2. Such flights fall outside the Convention and are governed only by separate bilateral agreements.
  3. Such flights may carry traffic for remuneration between two points in that territory without restriction.
  4. Entry is allowed only after a formal operating permit has been issued by the State to be entered.

Explanation

Article 5 gives aircraft not engaged in scheduled international air services the right, subject to the terms of the Convention, to fly into or in transit non-stop across another contracting State's territory and to make stops for non-traffic purposes without the need for prior permission. The State flown over retains the right to require the aircraft to land. The flights must respect any conditions attached to the right.

Question 46ICAO Chicago Convention and international air law

Article 33 of the Chicago Convention deals with the recognition of certificates of airworthiness and of competency and licences. Recognition is required only on which condition?

  1. The issuing State was a member of the ICAO Council at the time the document was issued.
  2. The holder has passed a written examination set by the recognising State's authority.
  3. The requirements under which the documents were issued are equal to or above the ICAO minimum standards. Correct answer.
  4. The documents are written in the issuing State's language and also in English and French.

Explanation

Article 33 requires each contracting State to recognise certificates of airworthiness and certificates of competency and licences issued or rendered valid by the State of registry, provided that the requirements under which they were issued or validated are equal to or above the minimum standards established from time to time under the Convention. This avoids repeated technical assessment of the same aircraft and crew by every State they enter.

Question 47ICAO Chicago Convention and international air law

Article 29 of the Chicago Convention lists the documents that must be carried on board an aircraft engaged in international navigation. Which of the following appears in that list?

  1. The operator's approved maintenance programme
  2. The journey logbook Correct answer.
  3. The aircraft livery and paint specification
  4. The completed weight and balance record for the previous flight

Explanation

Article 29 requires the certificate of registration, certificate of airworthiness, appropriate licences for each crew member, the journey logbook, the radio station licence, a passenger list showing place of departure and destination, and a cargo manifest and despatch documents to be carried on board. These documents allow the aircraft to be identified and its crew and journey to be checked in flight or on arrival. Maintenance programmes and weight records are operator or continuing-airworthiness records kept on the ground.

Question 48ICAO Chicago Convention and international air law

An aircraft registered in State A suffers an accident in the territory of State B, and both are parties to the Chicago Convention. What does Article 26 require State B to do?

  1. Institute an inquiry into the circumstances, following ICAO procedure so far as its law permits. Correct answer.
  2. Suspend the operator's certificate pending the conclusion of the investigation.
  3. Transfer the whole investigation to State A as the State of registry in every case.
  4. Refer the matter to the ICAO Council to decide the probable cause of the accident.

Explanation

Article 26 requires the State in which the accident occurs to institute an inquiry into the circumstances of the accident, following as far as its laws permit the procedure that may be recommended by ICAO. The State of registry is entitled to appoint observers to be present at the inquiry and to receive the report and findings. The article does not hand the inquiry automatically to the State of registry or to the Council.

Question 49ICAO Chicago Convention and international air law

The radio transmitting apparatus fitted to an aircraft registered in Nigeria is to be used in international air navigation. Under Article 30 of the Chicago Convention, by whom must the special licence for its use by flight crew be issued?

  1. The State where the operator has its principal place of business
  2. ICAO, on the recommendation of the State of the operator
  3. The State whose territory the aircraft is overflying at the time of transmission
  4. The appropriate authorities of the State in which the aircraft is registered Correct answer.

Explanation

Article 30 provides that radio transmitting apparatus in an aircraft of a contracting State may be used only by members of the flight crew who hold a special licence issued by the appropriate authorities of the State in which the aircraft is registered. The radio station itself must also be licensed by that State, and the licence must be carried on board. Nationality of the operator or the location of the flight does not transfer the licensing function.

Question 50ICAO Chicago Convention and international air law

A contracting State restricts flight over an area of its territory for military reasons. Which condition must a prohibited area satisfy under Article 9 of the Chicago Convention?

  1. It must apply only to aircraft of other contracting States and not to the State's own aircraft.
  2. It must be promulgated in the State's aeronautical information publication at least ninety days before taking effect.
  3. It must be of reasonable extent and location so as not to interfere unnecessarily with air navigation. Correct answer.
  4. It must be approved by the ICAO Council before it can be applied to foreign aircraft.

Explanation

Article 9 permits a State, for reasons of military necessity or public safety, to restrict or prohibit flight over certain areas of its territory, but the area must be of reasonable extent and location so as not to interfere unnecessarily with air navigation. The restrictions must also be applied without distinction of nationality to all aircraft engaged in similar international air navigation. Council approval is not part of the provision.