Casualty Insurance
Liability fundamentals
Negligence requires duty, breach, proximate cause, and damages. Defenses and doctrines that show up in questions include comparative and contributory negligence, assumption of risk, vicarious liability, and absolute liability. Compensatory damages make the plaintiff whole (special = medical and wage loss; general = pain and suffering); punitive damages punish and are often uninsurable.
Commercial general liability
The occurrence CGL covers bodily injury and property damage that occurs during the policy period, regardless of when the claim is made. Claims-made forms respond to claims first made during the period, subject to a retroactive date and an extended reporting period. Coverage A is BI/PD, Coverage B is personal and advertising injury, Coverage C is medical payments; supplementary payments sit outside the limits. Key exclusions: expected or intended injury, employers liability (workers compensation exposures), your work, your product, and impaired property.
Auto and workers compensation
The PAP includes liability, medical payments, uninsured/underinsured motorist, and physical damage (collision and other than collision). Business auto coverage is triggered by symbols (1 any auto, 2 owned autos, 7 specifically described autos, 8 hired, 9 nonowned). Workers compensation is a statutory, no-fault, exclusive-remedy system: Part One pays statutory benefits with no dollar limit, Part Two provides employer's liability.
Traps
Medical payments under a PAP pays regardless of fault; CGL medical payments covers others on the premises and is not liability. "Occurrence" is broader than "accident" and includes continuous or repeated exposure to the same conditions. An injury to an employee is excluded under the CGL. Umbrellas cover gaps over underlying policies and often drop down for some exposures; excess policies do not.